ࡱ> {p6`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~jl 8!9!:!;!!$T%%V&&X''Z((\))^**`++b,,d--f..h//j00l11n22p33r4445M bjbj== WW<=^@lF F F @ 0***<ВuȔT.h^Ƭ$$+ KE*pF"/VR(* nRU"* `G!}T>T4E0ur   European Law Moot Court Society 2000 / 2001 Annual Report Introduction  Dr. Antnio Santos ELMCS President T he 2000 / 2001 edition of the Competition was marked both by a very smooth organisation, and by the implementation of the changes in some Society policies and structures. It is today unanimously recognised that the internal changes in the Society, have been extremely fruitful, and have contributed to the harmonious development of the Societys structure. Today, the Society is a truly internationally managed organisation, and this was visible on the daily work of the Board, and at the Society meetings as well. This has also been a year of changes inside the Organising Team, and again the International spirit has helped us tremendously. The fact that the present Portuguese OT Members are now quite well-trained and able to run the competition efficiently, is very much due to the extensive training and encouragement offered both by Society Members from different origins, and the experienced Danish OT Members as well. Everyone knows that setting up the Competition is today a very complex and time-consuming experience. Much of this work, has this year been the responsibility of the Regional Organisers in Durham, Maastricht, Tallinn and Lisbon, who have set up some of the most perfect regional finals in the history of the Competition: they have now a rightful place in our hearts. Regarding the policy changes, the Society has successfully pursued the goal of establishing long-term partnerships with a limited number of International Law Firms, in a true spirit of commitment and pursuit of the common goal of promoting studies in European Law. The Society has further to this pursued the aim of developing partnerships with Government Institutions and Universities, instead of doing so with companies, and this has proven to be a successful policy as well. In this regard, the Society has been proud to enjoy the High Sponsoring of the President of the Republic of Portugal, and the support of the Ministry of Justice of Portugal. Again this year the Society has been fortunate to enjoy the Sponsoring of several other important institutions. Nothing would be possible without their support. The Society will pursue this policy of true partnership for education with all these institutions in the future. This year the Society has again developed on the idea that the Competition is by definition an educational programme, aiming to promote top quality studies in European Law. The extensive use of the Internet throughout previous editions of the Competition has shown the Society that it is possible to work across borders in a true European co-operative effort. This has again been proven this year, with the considerable investment on the Societys Website proving to be one of the highlights of the year. One the consequences of all the care put in developing the Website, has been the reduction of questions from the participating teams, with a consequent effect of liberating the OT for other development-oriented tasks. We have also registered a considerable growth in audience at the Website, which has seen a record number of over 20.000 visitors in little over one year. This proves that more people are looking at the Competition as one of the leading educational tools in European Law, and are regularly browsing the Societys Website. It has been very gratifying to register that most global search engines now register the Website, and that under the keyword moot court, the global search engine Yahoo now lists the Societys Website as the number 1 Competition world-wide. This year we have seen participants from the USA, proving that the Competition is gaining awareness across the Atlantic as well. The Society is extremely grateful to the dedication and high standards that Dorte K. Frandsen has established in the organisation. Now that she will leave her responsibilities as Board member due to professional reasons, the Society would like to express the deepest sympathy, and a debt of gratitude for all her care. The future will be based on the same set of essential principles, which have allowed the Competition to become what it is today: focus on long term partnerships for education in European Law in a truly international environment. Finally, if this is the first time you are in touch with the Competition, then you may already have sensed what the Moot Court Spirit is about: meeting people from all across the world, in a Competition which aims at learning and giving all students equal opportunity to excel in themselves, while making friends. We hope to see you again for the 2001 / 2002 edition! Kind Regards,  Dr. Antnio Santos ELMCS President  HYPERLINK mailto:asantos@mail.fd.ul.pt asantos@mail.fd.ul.pt List of all the Participating Universities (Many of these Universities participate with two teams) University: (In alphabetical order) Amsterdam University BPP Law School, London Cardiff University, Wales, UK College of Europe, Bruges Concordia International University Estonia Copenhagen Business School Durham University Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa Freie Universitt Berlin Golden Gate University - S. Francisco, California, USA Heidelberg Inns of Court School of Law, London Institut des Etudes Europennes King's College Kingston University Law faculty- West Bohemian University Law Society of Ireland Leiden University Limerick University London School of Economics Maastricht University Pter Pzmny Catholic University Budapest Queen Mary Riga Graduate School of Law Sciences sociales de Toulouse Stockholm University The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Universitaet Wuerzburg Universitaet zu Koeln (University of Cologne) Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Universit Aix-Marseille III (Facult de droit d'Aix) Universit Panthon-Assas Paris II Universit Ren Descartes Paris V University College Dublin University of Basel University of Birmingham University of Copenhagen University of Gteborg University of Helsinki University of Miskolc University of Nijmegen University of Sibiu University of Turku, Faculty of Law Vienna University Warsaw University  Durham Regional Final, 1-4 February 2001   Ann Symington Stephen Knight Report by Ann Symington and Stephen Knight Regional Organisers T he European Law Moot Competition Organisers were, one hopes, delighted to receive the offer from the University of Durham European Law Institute to host one of its Regional Finals in 2001. There is little doubt that those who had made this generous offer had not envisaged all the work that lay ahead of them.  The first problem that arose was one of sponsorship and all those that contributed must be thanked, for without them the Durham Regional Final could not have gone ahead. Practical problems then faced the Organisers where, in the small and historic city of Durham, can one seat over 90 people for a loud party involving rather a lot of singing?! Reservations were made months in advance although the restaurant booked for the penultimate meal burned down over the Christmas break. Somehow solutions to all problems were found and by 2nd February there was no more time for preparations the participants were on their way. All who woke up in Durham on Thursday 2nd February to freezing fog would have thought not much of it but for the Regional Team it instantly meant problems with flights. A pessimistic view, perhaps but a realistic one nevertheless! Of the 54 people scheduled to arrive at Newcastle airport, approximately 8 made it on time. Eventually all but two teams did arrive but those two teams had been lost by their airline after being diverted to Norway and then to Aberdeen. Once they were traced, it was discovered that they were to stay in Scotland overnight but they did arrive safely on Friday morning. The competition then ran smoothly, with five rounds taking place on Friday 3 rd February at the beautiful Town Hall in Durham Market Place. After some serious deliberation by the judges, four teams were announced to progress to the semi-finals; the teams from the Universities of Copenhagen (Denmark), Basel (Switzerland), Riga (Latvia) and Heidelberg (Germany). The Swiss and Danish Advocate Generals also progressed, as did the Advocate Generals from Paris (France) and Wuerzburg (Germany).  That evening, judges were entertained separately in the Castle Senate Suite whilst participants enjoyed a meal in Durham city, before visiting Hatfield college bar and then the Students Union for the Friday night clubbing session. Sadly a fire alarm in the Union broke up the party for most, but as one of the judges pointed out, the forced early night probably improved the quality of the next days Pleadings! The semi-finals were held in Durham County Hall, which provided an excellent venue, particularly for the final held in the afternoon. Once again, the judges seemed to spend hours deliberating, but eventually it was the teams from Copenhagen and Basel that were to meet in the afternoon. A coin was tossed to determine which team would put forward an Applicant and which team a Defendant, and at 2.30pm the Danish applicant put forward excellent arguments on the questions that had been posed by the national Court to the ECJ.  The case set for this year was based on the free movement of goods and services and also on the e-commerce Directive. All are highly topical areas of law and there can be no doubt that those participating and those simply listening learnt much. The Swiss Defendant also produced excellent arguments and the judges were left with an extremely difficult decision to make. Eventually a winner was announced and congratulations are awarded to the Swiss team, who won not only the team competition but also the separate competition for best Advocate General. They now proceed to the grand final that takes place in Luxembourg, in the European Court of Justice itself, on 9 Th. March. There they will compete against the winners of the other three Regional Finals that take place over the next month in Lisbon (Portugal), Tallinn (Estonia) and Maastricht (Netherlands). The judges are, at their discretion, able to award a further prize to a team that they feel deserves recognition and the Latvian team was awarded this prize for their contribution in the Competition. On Saturday evening judges and participants met socially for the first time (the teams are anonymous throughout the competition to prevent bias) at the final meal which took place at a hotel outside Durham. The Competition carries with it a tradition of an international singing competition held at the final meal and this was a great success too, with over fifteen different nationalities taking part. Finally, the Organisers are extremely grateful to all those, in particular the sponsors, who made the competition possible. Durham Regional Final, 1-4 February 2001 Report by Lotty Nordling President of the Swedish National Board for Consumer Complaints T hursday 1st February 2001, when the Durham Regional Final started, was a foggy day. Most flights, and with them the participants, were delayed. Those coming from London arrived very late at Newcastle airport and were immediately transferred to Durham just in time before the end of the Welcome Reception at the Old Shire Hall. We were warmly welcome by Professor Rosa Greaves and the members of the Durham Regional Team as well as by those representing the ELMC Society. You could feel the tension from the well-prepared and enthusiastic participating teams. As a judge you could not - of course - mix with them. But the judges kept together and held the first nights final at the bar of the Royal County Hotel, where we all were staying. On Friday the first five rounds were held at the beautiful Town Hall in Durham Market Place. As always you become extremely impressed by the ability of many of the teams, not only by their legal arguments and language skills, but also by the way in which they answered the many tricky questions from the panel. The scoring is a demanding task and the judges do really have serious deliberations. The semi-finals and the final were held on Saturday in Durham County Hall, an excellent place for the occasion. We clearly experienced how the teams improved in the course of the competition, learning from every foregoing round. The teams representing both the MOL company from Fictivia and the DirectM established in Inventium as well as the Advocates General also arranged a Guezz!-game for the judges. It should not be denied that the judges try to guess the nationality of the teams. Due to the fact that most of the teams were multinational the judges were not very successful playing the game. It was a game of chance! After having awarded the prizes the judges and participants at last met socially for the first time at the final meal on Saturday evening. It was a great event at a Manor Hotel outside Durham. The song contest would not have bothered MOL, though it would have been fun to be able to download the music. It would also have been fun to have Professor Rosa Greaves dancing abilities downloaded on a video. She was a dancing queen! The evening - prolonged to Sunday morning - ended up traditionally in the hotels bar, now with many of the participants as well. Hopefully most people woke up in time for their flights. If not before, those staying in the Royal County Hotel woke up to the fire alarm. And the white on the ground was not foam, it was snow! For all the participating judges I dare to say that we enjoyed the Durham Regional Final immensely. We are extremely grateful for the generous hospitality and the excellent service we were provided. I will especially thank Professor Rosa Greaves and her collaborators, the Regional team, the timekeepers and the representatives from the ELMC Society. Bench: (In alphabetical order) Dr. Angela Ward Dr. Angela Ward is a Reader in Law at the University of Essex and a Barrister of the Middle Temple. She is author of numerous publications concerning EU Law, including Judicial Review and the Rights of Private Parties in EC Law (OUP, 2000) and was formerly the Assistant Editor of the European Journal of International Law. She is the founding editor, with Prof. Alan Dashwood, of the Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies. Her legal practice concerns areas of EU Law and International Law. Dr. Elisabeth Willocks Elisabeth Willocks, a graduate of Edinburgh University, qualified as a Scots Solicitor in 1988. She was rferendaire to Judge DAO Edward at the EC Court of First Instance from 1989 to 1992, and at the EC Court of Justice from 1992 to 1994. She then joined the Norton Rose European and Competition Unit in Brussels from 1994 to 1995 before returning to the EC Court of Justice as rferendaire to President GC Rodrguez Iglesias from 1995 to 2000. Ms Willocks has just recently taken up a position as administrator with the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union and is working on the enlargement negotiations. Dr. Erik Gippini-Fournier (LLM) Born in 1967, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, Erik Gippini-Fournier is currently a member of the Legal Service of the European Commission (Competition Law Team). He joined the Commission in 1995 initially in the Internal Market DG (Free Movement of Goods). He was admitted to the Spanish Bar in 1990. He has studied Law at the University of Santiago de Compostela, at the College of Europe (Bruges), and at the University of California, Berkeley (LLM 1993). Erik has also studied Microeconomics at the London School of Economics. He also has a record of teaching first as a teaching assistant at the University of Santiago de Compostela, and then at the College of Europes Law department. He is currently a Lecturer in EC Law at the University of Tours (France) where he lectures on a regular basis in seminars and courses on EC Law. Dr. Erik Pijnacker Hordijk (LLM) Graduate from Utrecht University and the College of Europe (Bruges), He joined the Dutch Bar in 1983 as advocate with De Braw Blackstone Westbroek, and pleaded his first case before the Court of Justice in 1985. Between 1987 and 1999 he has been practising from the Brussels office. In 1991 he became a partner with the Firm, which is a Member Firm of Linklaters & Alliance Dr. James Flynn (LLM) James Flynn is a barrister practising from Brick Court Chambers in London and Brussels. He was a legal secretary at the European Court of Justice in 1986 1989 for Lord Slynn of Hadley, and was a partner in the Brussels office of a leading City of London Firm until 1996. His practice encompasses a wide range of EC and competition Law issues, both transactional and contentious. He represents clients before the English and Community Courts. He published many articles and contributions to books on EC and Competition Law topics, and last year wrote a book on the UKs new Competition act. He is a Member of the Advisory Board of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, a member of the committee of the Competition Law association, a member of the EU Expert panel for justice, and a vice-chairman of the UIAs EC section. Dr. Lotty Nordling Born in 1945 in Stockholm, Lotty Nordling has been President for the National Board for Consumer Complaints since September 2000. Before that she held the post as Director General for Legal Affairs on EU-matters in the Ministry for foreign affairs in Stockholm. In that capacity, she also was the Swedish Governments agent before the Court of Justice and the Court of First instance of the European Communities. Jur. Dr. h.c. Sven Norberg Sven Norberg Jur. Dr. h.c. has been the Director in charge of Directorate F in the Competition Directorate-General of the European Commission since 1995. After having held the positions of Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Commerce in Stockholm, and Judge of appeal at the Svea hovratt in Stockholm, he was appointed Director of Legal Affairs in the EFTA Secretariat. During 1994 and 1995 he was a Judge in the EFTA Court. Participants: Concordia International University Estonia, Copenhagen University, Heidelberg University, Basel University, Wuerzburg University, Riga Graduate School of Law, Turku University, West Bohemian University, Universit Ren Descartes Paris V, University of Nijmegen ELMC Representatives: Antnio Santos, Charlotte Nordling and Maria Velasco Organising Team Representatives: Dinamene de Freitas, Nadia Ribeiro Regional Organisers Masters of the Moot: Anna Symington, Stephen Knight Host Professor: Prof. Rosa Greaves  Maastricht Regional Final, 8-11 February 2001  EMBED Word.Picture.8  Report by Peter Gjrtler Member of the Danish High Court T his year a regional final of the European Law Moot Court was again held in the Netherlands. Set in the old centre of the town, the Faculty of Law of the University of Maastricht acted as the generous hosts of the regional final. The program was based on friendliness and professionalism in a perfect blend. Mooters and judges felt very much at ease, without loosing any sense of the serious competition that forms the basis of the moot court. The case for this year served the moot court very well, giving the Mooters plenty of space to develop their pleadings, and giving the judges occasion to discuss not only the quality of the pleadings, but at the end of the day also the possible solution of the case itself. The stay in Maastricht served to introduce not only the University, but also the EU research and training institution EIPA, which performs training for judges and administrators in the Member States as well as in most of the applicant countries. Thanks are due from the Mooters and judges to the our hosts at the University and at EIPA, as well as to the organisational work put in by the representatives of the European Law Moot Court Society.  All the good efforts were pulled together on the last night at a magnificent dinner held at an old castle on the outskirts of Maastricht. Maastricht Regional Final, 8-11 February 2001  Report by Prof. Dr. Hildegard Schneider Hosting professor, Maastricht University M aastricht Regional Final in the ELMC was the second of the 2001 competition. It took place between February 8th and February 11th. Participants were welcomed on the Thursday evening by a reception held in the beautiful old Government-building by the Dean of the Faculty of Law, Prof. dr. G. Mols. This is always an interesting event, as many seize the opportunity to mingle informally with judges and other participants. The judges and teams were drawn from across the continent and thus reflected the ever broadening European character of the competition.  After the Welcome Reception the judges were invited for dinner in a nearby restaurant and participants were escorted to their hotel. They stayed in the comfortable Hotel Pauw, just a few minutes walk from the University in the old centre of beautiful Maastricht. The judges stayed in the luxurious Hotel Botticelli. On Friday the first round of pleadings were held in the Faculty of Law. During the day lunch was provided for for all participants in the university restaurant and the judges were taken to a nice restaurant. On Friday evening the European Institute for Public Administration hosted a very nice reception were the results were announced of those teams pleading on Friday. For all those wanting to discover Maastricht nightlife, ELSA organised a pub-crawl afterwards. Saturday pleadings went on and there was an exciting Grand Final, where Berlin and Stockholm pleaded. Results were finally announced at a nice reception in the University hosted by the Law Firm Houthoff Buruma. Stockholm won ELMC Maastricht Regional Final, both in the regular competition as well Commission Representative. The closing dinner on Saturday evening was very impressive. First everybody was taken by bus to the nearby castle Chateau Neercanne and taken through the nightly gardens by the light of a torch. Some amusements were served in the caves and a beautiful banquet took place afterwards. It was a worthy closing of a beautiful edition in 2001 European Law Moot Court Competition.  The organisers ensured that any query or problem was quickly resolved, whether inside or outside the competition. We were very grateful to Mr Yiannis Ampazis and Mr Erik PJ Vrinds, and all their volunteers, for their generous hospitality and the sterling service they performed for judges and competitors alike. Maastricht Regional Final, 8-11 February 2001  Report by Dr. Krisztina Endrnyi Advocate, Member of the ELMC Society D uring the twelve-year history of the European Law Moot Competition, University of Maastricht offered its generous support to host a Regional Final for the second time and again we had the opportunity to experience warm hospitality and splendid organisation. The city of Maastricht is an excellent place to hold such an event because of its geographical placement, human-scale size, youngsters all around in the old university buildings and Europe is in the air. Step by step the visitor is reminded to the genius loci, while we are there we mustnt forget what this city gave to Europe. The whole event was very smooth running, everything and everybody were at the right place, Regional Team members knew their tasks obviously well, we, Society representatives had absolutely no reason to worry about anything at all. Special thanks to Mr. Erik de Vrinds, Mr. Ioannis Ampazis and Mrs. Marleen Vara for the sterling arrangement of the whole event. Following arrival and registration of the participants, the Opening Ceremony took place in the Feestzaal of the Faculty of Law. The Dean of the Faculty of Law addressed the welcome speech to the judges and participants, then followed by Professor Hildegard Schneider, and Antnio Santos, President of the ELMC Society. Eight prominent European professors and lawyers were requested to come and dedicate their spare time and knowledge to this Regional Final in order to play the role of honoured judge of the fictitious court. It was our pleasure to see that apart from the countries which usually represent themselves in the Competition i.e. Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Finland , at this Regional we had participating teams also from Ireland, Spain, Portugal as well as from Latvia, Estonia and Hungary, showing the larger expansion of the Competition. On Friday preliminary five rounds were concluded properly, definitely in a sportsmanlike way. After such a tiring day for participants as well as for judges, everybody appreciated very much to be invited to a reception held by EIPA-European Institute of Public Administration. With a glass of tasteful wine in hands, audience heard welcome words and interesting information on activities of the hosting institution by Prof. Grald Druesne, Director-General of EIPA. The impatiently awaited announcement of the semi-finalists took place here as well.  On Saturday judges and participants were ready for the succeeding oral presentations on this years case: Music On-line vs. Direct M. Judges were impressed by high standard, enthusiasm and deep knowledge of European Law of the teams, it was noticeable how pleading parties as well as Commission Representatives were able to respond to judges questions, and also defend their statements and arguments. Nevertheless, this is a competition - apart from the aspect, which is always emphasised, that it is an exercise and also entertainment for the would-be lawyers -, so finalists had to be chosen. Finalists were come from Stockholm University and Freie Universitt Berlin. Perhaps it is permitted to tell to the Reader, that during the Final both judges and competitors had quite hot moments. Finally team members who came from three different countries - representing University of Stockholm were measured as the winner team and the best Commission Representative. As crowning of the whole event, our generous hosts offered us a fabulous dinner at Chateau Neercanne on Saturday evening. The aforementioned genius loci saluted us again, considering that heads of states came here to have dinner following signature of the Maastricht Treaty which had been learnt by that time so well by the attending company. Last but certainly not least please let us express out gratitude again to all the judges, Regional Team from Maastricht, Organising Team from Lisbon, all the participants and we especially thank Professor Hildegarde Schneider for her magnanimous efforts. In conclusion, the Regional was a successful achievement, so let us hope that this was not the last time to moot the court and to meet in this city, moreover to compete beyond the walls of the University of Maastricht Bench: (In alphabetical order) Prof. Dr. Bruno de Witte Professor at the European University Institute (Florence) and at Universiteit Maastricht. Specialised in the relations between community law and international public law. Dr. Ellen Vos Senior lecturer European community law at Universiteit Maastricht. Specialised in EU institutional law, market integration and risk regulation. Prof. Dr. Grard Druesne Director-General of the European Institute for Public Administration. Prof. Dr. Hildegaard Schneider Jean Monnet Chairholder European Migration Law at Universiteit Maastricht, director of the Iuris Magister Communis-Programme (Universiteit Maastricht). Dr. Johan Coyet (LLM) Partner of Mannheimer Swartling (Stockholm) and chairman of the practicegroup EU and Competition and Marketing. Prof. Luigi Daniele Director of the Law Faculty of the Univerist degli Studi di Trieste. Prof. Peter Gjrtler Advocate Consultant at the Danish School of Public Administration, Associate professor at the University of Copenhagen, Member of the Danish High Court. Dr. Pierre Larouche Researcher at METRO, Institute for transnational legal research (Maastricht). Specialised in media law and comparative private law. Participants: Freie Universitt Berlin, Riga Graduate School of Law, Helsinki University, Copenhagen Business School, Universidade de Lisboa, Miskolc University, Turku University, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Law Society of Ireland, Stockholm University ELMC Representatives: Antnio Santos, Krisztina Endrny Organising Team Representatives: Bruno Antunes Regional Organisers - Master of the moot: Dr. Erik Vrinds Host Professor: Prof. Hildegaard Schneider  EMBED Word.Picture.8  Tallinn Regional Final, 15-18 February 2001 Report by Prof. Dr. iur, Dr. h.c Ole Due Former President of the Court of Justice of the European Communities F or the first time Concordia University in Tallinn hosted one of the regional finals. The visit to Estonia was a treat to all the participants, but in particular to me.  My first visit to Tallinn was as a tourist in 1987. At that time it was evident that important changes were brewing and the first demonstration against the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact took place during my visit although tourists were kept away from that event. But it was impossible to imagine that only 14 years later I should be sitting in the Judges' panel during a European Law Moot Court in a free and prosperous Estonia well prepared for entry into the EU. The political and economic development of the country during the last decade really is - with the expression used by President Lennart Meri - a miracle.  We all enjoyed the exquisite hospitality extended to us by our Estonian hosts led by Professor Frank Emmert and his assistant Katrin Oder supported by numerous local sponsors including the City Court which placed the historical Court building at our disposal for the final pleadings. But I can assure you that the judges' bench in the imposing courtroom has not been constructed with a view to provide comfort for sleepy judges. However, there was no occasion for falling asleep during the proceedings.  The teams performed brilliantly, competition was fierce and counsel were grilled by showers of difficult questions from the bench. Finally the team from Inner Temple won with the Maastricht team running up.  The best advocate general was from Maastricht and the special award was presented to Kristoph Meckle. In all respects this was a regional final worthy of the great traditions of the European Law Moot Court.  Tallinn Regional Final, 15-18 February 2001 Report by Maija Paeglite Tallinn Regional Team O n 15-18 February 2001 one of the four regional finals took place in Tallinn and was hosted by Concordia International University Estonia. The other regional finals this year were held in Durham, Lisbon, and Maastricht.  Hosting an event of such scale was an honour not only to Concordia University but also to Estonia. Several well-known law offices sponsored the event and even couple of TV stations showed their interest in attending and informing others about this competition. Teams and judges started arriving on the 14th of February. The last team and judge arrived when the Welcoming Party had started on 15th of February. The Welcoming Party took place in "Casanova" restaurant in Tallinn Old Town. It was the first night for the participants to see each other and the judges, and wonder which one they are going to be competing against the next day. Judges had to keep their distance from the participants and limit their conversations to discussing weather, plane flight or food, which, by the way, also had to be acknowledged as good. The next morning lecture rooms at Concordia University were transformed into courtrooms and were awaiting their first victims. At 8.30 a bus took the first teams to their pleadings which started at 9AM. Unfortunately, everything was delayed for a half an hour because of the mistake on the side of organisers, when the bus couldn't find the university building. Each pleading took about an hour though sometimes more, with 15 minutes judges deliberation time, so the first day of competition ended at approximately 6 PM. The results were announced after the last pleadings and the nervous crowd divided in those happy about their success and those cheering about the night to come. On the second night the Judged and the Judging were officially divided. Judges, Society members and OT were taken to Tallinn's medieval restaurant Olde Hansa to discuss their business, while the teams which didn't pass to the next round, as well as the passers, just daring enough not to use all the time given to them for preparation, were shown their way to Raekk. One or two pizzas and some going home, others - seeking pleasure in other hot spots of Old Tallinn. On Saturday, pleadings started "at a more human time"- at 10 AM, though many would still consider that pure torture. There were only 2 rounds in each courtroom, so the results were announced before 1 PM. After that the winning teams had just a couple of hours to get their lunch in the caf downstairs and freshen up their pleadings till the big final round.  The last fight of the Titans took place from 4 until 6 PM at the Tallinn District Court. We were 'lucky' to get assigned into the criminal court room, which gave us another thrill. The "duel" between the Applicant from Maastricht University and the Defendant from Inner Temple team was tough. The judges were merciless, real devil's advocates. Towards the end however, everybody could clearly see who the winners were going to be. The Winners Ceremony took place at the same Courtroom, the District Court and the Inner Temple team were announced as the winners of the Tallinn Regional finals. Speeches from Ole Due and Antonio Santos, were given, thanking all the participants and wishing luck to the winners, handshakes and heaps of T-shirts given away to every participant, with lots of credit given also to the Maastricht University team by the other participants and spectators.  The farewell party took place at the Captain's Club in Regati Maja at Pirita. It included speeches and congratulations, toasts and gifts. The 10-kg cake baked just for this occasion is also worth mentioning. Only on the last night everybody was wining and dining together, with no restrictions or limitations. Any participant could finally come up to any of the judges, ask questions and express their feelings about the pleadings. There was also the rare or actually impossible possibility to talk to the "father" of the cases like Keck, Judge Ole Due. After everybody had satisfied the physiological needs (hunger and thirst), the OT started a national song competition, so everybody had the possibility to hear something from each nation having at least one representative in this competition. This and maybe a glass of wine brought the former competitors together and let them have a great "last night". Thank you all for the truly wonderful event! Bench: (In alphabetical order) Prof. Allan Tatham EU delegation of the European Commission to Hungary, Associate Professor at Concordia International University Estonia, lecturer at the Faculty of Law, Peter Pazmany Catholic University, Budapest. Prof. Dr. LL.M Christa Tobler Academic co-ordinator of the Leiden LL.M.Programme in EC Law, Leiden University, Faculty of Law, Europe Institute. Dr. Elaine Whiteford Barrister at Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, London Prof. Dr. LL.M Frank Emmert Dean of the Law School, Concordia International University Estonia Prof. Dr. LL.M. Katrin Nyman-Metcalf Riga Graduate School of Law and Concordia International University Estonia Prof. Dr. iur Dr. h.c. Ole Due Former President of the Court of Justice of the European Communities Prof. Dr. LL.M Robert Lane Senior lecturer in the Faculty of Law, University of Edinburgh Tommy Pettersson (LL.M) Partner of Mannheimer Swartling, Stockholm Participants: Institut des Etudes Europennes, The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple, Maastricht University, Amsterdam University, Cologne University, College of Europe Bruges, Trinity College Dublin, Durham University, Cardiff University. ELMC Representatives: Adela Klirova, Antnio Santos, Erik Vollebregt, Nicolaj Linneballe Organising Team Representatives: Catarina Aguiar, Nadia Rebelo Regional Organisers - Master of the moot: Katrin Oder Host Professor: Prof. Frank Emmert  Lisbon Regional Final, 22-25 February 2001 Report by Dr. Mark Hoskins (LL.M) Barrister, Brick Court Chambers, London T he last (but by no means least) regional final was held in the University of Lisbon. What a splendid country Portugal is. The sun shines and men and women alike are able to discuss the intricacies of the offside rule and whether Porto, Sporting or Benfica are going to win the League.  We were entertained by some traditional (and some less traditional) Portuguese singing at a welcome reception on the first night before proceedings started in earnest on the Friday.  This years problem stood up very well to repeated listening. However, in order to inject a degree of variety, the judges rather cruelly asked the teams participating on the Saturday to imagine that we were now in the year 2004. Although time travel is not a skill normally required from advocates, all the teams coped admirably. The final, between Vienna and Leiden, was hotly contested but Vienna emerged as narrow victors. The identity of the institution from which the best Commission representative came was a pleasant surprise Golden Gate University of San Francisco, USA. European universities and institutes had better beware. If teams from the United States have as much success in EC law mooting as their athletes do in the Olympics, then we will all be out of a job.  Perhaps the most noticeable thing about the competition this year was that there was less of a gap between the teams participating than was the case in previous years. This no doubt reflects the fact that standards are rising across the board. In particular, it is noticeable that teams and competitors from Eastern European countries have made great progress in a very short period of time.  Finally, on behalf of all the judges, I would like to thank all those involved in the organisation of this years competition and particularly the Regional Final in Lisbon. Antonio Santos and Marta Rebelo were perfect hosts. Marta, in particular, deserves special praise for procuring regular supplies of pasteis de nata from Belm to keep the judges sustained and motivated throughout the competition. Bench: (In alphabetical order) Dr. Anthony Valcke (LL.M) Anthony Valcke is a barrister with Baker & McKenzie at the London office, working with the European Law and Competition group. Prof. Christine Boch Christine Boch is a legal adviser for the Legal Office of the Scottish Parliament Dr. Dirk Brinckman (LL.M) Dirk Brinckman was born in Bruges in 1971 and was admitted to the Brussels Bar in 1995. He holds a Degree in Law from the University of Leuven (KUL 1994) and LLM in European Community law from the College of Europe in Bruges (1995). After having practised EC law with Stibbe Simont Monahan Duhot, he joined Liedekerke Simon Wessing Houthoff in 1997. He is active in the various fields of EC law with a particular emphasis on competition law and regulatory law in the bioscience field (such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biocides, cosmetics, feed additives, GMOs). In this respect he advises clients and represents them before the Community institutions and Community courts. He is furthermore active in the field of Belgian competition law. Apart from being a lawyer, Dirk Brinckman is also an aficionado of flamenco music. Dirk Brinckman has written several articles and has spoken at conferences on EU law, including a conference on EU and US policies on animal production organised by the University of Missouri (Columbia, MO, USA). He is fluent in Dutch, French, English, German and Spanish. Prof. Fausto de Quadros Fausto de Quadros is the Vice-President of the European Institute of the Law Faculty of the University of Lisbon, and a Professor of European and Administrative Law. Fausto de Quadros also holds a Jean Monet chair in European Law. Mest. Joo Tiago Silveira Joo Tiago Silveira is a Lecturer at the Law Faculty of the University of Lisbon, and is also Director of the Legislative Policy and Planning Department at the ministry of Justice of Portugal. Dr. Louise Widen (LL.M) Louise Widen worked as Research and Teaching Assistant in Law, University of Stockholm 1973-1975. Service and Junior Judgeships in Swedish Courts, 1975-1980. Associate, 1980-1987 and Partner, 1987-1990, Carl Swartling Advokatbyr. Partner, Mannheimer Swartling Advokatbyr, 1990-. Member: Swedish Bar Association, 1983. International Bar Association Practice areas: Competition Law; EC Law; Marketing; Trade Regulations Dr. Mark Hoskins (LL.M) MA, BCL (Oxon.) Licence speciale en droit European (Brussels), Legal Secretary, Court of Justice of the European Communities, 1994-1995. Member of B Panel to the Crown. Areas of Practice: European Community Law and Public and Administrative Law. Prof. Rosa Greaves LLB 1973(Leeds), LLM 1974 (Exeter), Barrister (IT) 1975. Allen & Overy Professor of European Law 1994-. Director of the Durham European Law Institute 1994-. Chairwoman of the Board of Studies in Law 1995-1998. Visiting Professor at the Centre for European Law, University of Oslo (Norway) 1992. Visiting Professorial Fellow, Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary & Westfield London, 1999- Rosa Greaves has published in the field of European Community Law including EC Competition Law, Intellectual Property Rights and Transport Law. Her publications include EC Block Exemption Regulations (Wiley,1994), EC Competition Law: Banking and Insurance Services (Wiley, 1992), Transport Law of the European Community (Athlone Press, 1991). In 1988-90 she worked in the EC Commission and in 1995 spent 3 months at the Court of Justice of the European Communities. She lectures and delivers papers at seminars and conferences organised in the UK and abroad. In 1996 she obtained a grant from the British Academy to assist with a long-term research project on the influences of individual members of the European Court of Justice in the development of the fundamental principles of Community Law. Delivered the 15th Herschel Smith Annual Public Lecture at Queen Mary & Westfield College Participants: Stockholm University, Sciences Sociales de Toulouse, Vienna University, Warsaw University, Gteborg University, Leiden University, University College Dublin, Universit Ren Descartes Paris V, Kings College, Golden Gate University ELMC Representatives: Antnio Santos, Jacob Borum Organising Team Representatives: Catarina Aguiar, Bruno Antunes, Dinamene de Freitas, Marta Rebelo, Nadia Ribeiro Regional Organisers - Master of the moot: Dr. Antnio Santos Host Professor: Prof. Fausto de Quadros All-European Final, Luxembourg, 7-9 March 2001 Report by Dr. Antnio Santos  EMBED Word.Picture.8  ELMCS, President T he All European Final at which the winners are finally found marks the conclusion of the moot court year. But it should not be forgotten that for the teams this is but the result of a long process taking its beginning in September the foregoing year, when the Case is published. Days - and sometimes nights - are spent preparing the Written Pleadings to be handed in by the middle of November. Only in January will the anxious teams know, whether they have overcome the first barrier allowing them to proceed to the oral rounds. In February 2001 forty teams were enjoying the hospitality of the universities of Durham, Maastricht, Tallinn and Lisbon. But as in every competition only one team and one Advocate General or Commission Representative came out as winners being awarded the precious invitation to the All-European Final in Luxembourg.  These were the teams from Basel, Stockholm, Inner Temple and Vienna, the two Advocate Generals came from Basel and Maastricht, and the two Commission Representatives from Stockholm and Golden Gate University, from S. Francisco USA. The Official Programme of the All-European Final started with a reception at the Hotel Nobilis in the heart of Luxembourg. Competitors and coaches were anxious and excited, whereas the OT, RT and Society members were also thrilled about seeing good friends again. In addition, the numerous RT members seemed content of simply having to be nothing but present having done their major part of the job at the various Regional Finals.  On Thursday all arrived punctually at the Court, where they were welcomed by Ms Fionnuala Connolly, Mrs Donna Dallow and Mrs Gillian Byrne, three of our main sources at the Court and the help of who was invaluable. Having been present at the Court hearing Case C-31/00 the students were invited to attend a rounds table discussion hosted by William Valasidis, Giuseppe Conte, and Fionnuala Connolly. This provided an excellent forum for discussion and questions on the subject matter of the Case in question and other relevant areas. The rest of the day was left open for studies. That did, however, hardly prevent any from showing up later at La Fontaine, the main meeting and socialising venue of the entire event, and where we were once again welcomed with open arms by the owner.  Friday was the BIG day. The morning's semi-finals were very close, leaving the Court with the difficult task of choosing two finalists among four top-qualified teams, which it finally decided after thorough evaluations that team Stockholm and team Inner Temple were to proceed to the Final in the afternoon. After an excellent lunch hosted by the Court, the Bench took their seats in the Blue courtroom, and the final battle could commence. Once again, the judges were left with the difficult task of having to chose between two excellent performances. Though it was a very close race, it was finally decided that the Winning Team of the European Law Moot Court Competition 2000/2001 came from the University of Stockholm. At the subsequent Prize Ceremony hosted by the president of the Court of Justice, Judge Rodrguez Iglesias, the team was awarded - A stage at the Council of the European Communities, Legal Service - A stage at the Commission of the European Communities, Legal Service - Two stages at Clifford Chance The President also revealed that the Best Advocate General / Commission Representative was Ms Karolina Mojzesowicz, a Polish student from Maastricht University, who was awarded stage at the law firm Mannheimer Swartling, Stockholm.  The Best Written Pleadings this year came from another team from Stockholm University. A Formal Dinner at Le Grand Caf concluded the All-European Final. After having completed the customary All-European Song Contest we all proceeded to La Fontaine, where the undersigned had to declare himself indisposed at around 4.30 am. Rumours say that the party went on all-night and ended at an after-party at the hotel. Not everyone was present at breakfast the following morning! Before rounding up, the OT and the Society would like to thank everyone being involved in this year's All European Final for making it possible. In particular, we would like to thank the people at the Court's Press and Information Division, Mr. Marro for taking the decisions, Ms Fionnuala Connolly and Mrs Donna Dallow for helping out with all the practical details, Mrs Gyllian Byrne for always being ready with good advises and her good spirit and for being such a nice and good person.  . Bench: (In alphabetical order of the first name) Members of the Court of Justice of the European Communities Judge Christiaan Willem Anton Timmermans Born 1941; Legal Secretary at the Court of Justice of the EC (1966-1969); official of the European Commission (1969-1977); Doctor in Law (University of Leiden); Professor of European Law (University of Groningen) (1977-1989); Deputy Justice at Arnhem Court of Appeal; Various editorial positions; Deputy Director-General at the Legal Service of the European Commission (1989-); Professor of European Law (University of Amsterdam); Judge at the Court of Justice since 7 October 2000 Judge Claus Christian Gulmann Born 1942; Official at the Ministry of Justice; Legal Secretary to Judge Max Srensen; Professor of Public International Law and Dean of the Law School of the University of Copenhagen; in private practice; Chairman and Member of arbitral tribunals; Member of Administrative Appeal Tribunal; Advocate General at the Court of Justice from 7 October 1991 to 6 October 1994; Judge at the Court of Justice since 7 October 1994. Judge D A O Edward Born 1934; Advocate (Scotland); Queen's Counsel (Scotland); Clerk, and subsequently Treasurer, of the Faculty of Advocates; President of the Consultative Committee of the Bars and Law Societies of the European Community; Salvesen Professor of European Institutions and Director of the Europa Institute, University of Edinburgh; Special Adviser to the House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities; Judge at the Court of First Instance from 25 September 1989 to 9 March 1992; Judge at the Court of Justice since 10 March 1992. Judge Fidelma O'Kelly Macken Born 1945; Called to the Bar of Ireland (1972); Legal Advisor, Patent and Trade Mark Agents (1973-1979); Barrister (1979-1995) and Senior Counsel (1995-1998) of the Bar of Ireland; member of the Bar of England and Wales; Judge of the High Court in Ireland (1998); Lecturer in Legal Systems and Methods and "Averil Deverell" Lecturer in Commercial Law, Trinity College, Dublin; Bencher of the Honorable Society of King's Inns; Judge at the Court of Justice since 6 October 1999. Judge Jean-Pierre Puissochet Born 1936; State Counsellor (France); Director, subsequently Director-General of the Legal Service of the Council of the European Communities (1968-1973); Director-General of the Agence Nationale pour l'Emploi (1973-1975); Director of General Administration, Ministry of Industry (1977-1979); Director of Legal Affairs in the OECD (1979-1985); Director of the Institut International d'Administration Publique (1985-1987); Jurisconsult, Director of Legal Affairs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1987-1994); Judge at the Court of Justice since 7 October 1994. Advocate General Leendert A. Geelhoed Born 1942; Research Assistant, University of Utrecht (1970-1971); Legal Secretary at the Court of Justice of the European Communities (1971-1974); Senior Adviser, Ministry of Justice (1975-1982); Member of the Advisory Council on Government Policy (1983-1990); Various teaching assignments; Secretary general, Ministry of Economic Affairs (1990-1997); Secretary-General, Ministry of General Affairs (1997-2000); Advocate General at the Court of Justice since 7 October 2000. Judge Melchior Wathelet Born in 1949; Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for National Defence (1995); Mayor of Verviers; Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Justice and Economic Affairs (1992-1995); Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Justice and Small Firms and Traders (1988-1991); Member of the Chamber of Representatives (1977-1995); Degrees in Law and in Economics (University of Lige); Master of Laws (Harvard University, USA); Professor at the Catholic University of Louvain-la-Neuve; Judge at the Court of Justice since 19 September 1995. Judge Peter Jann Born 1935; Doctor of Law of the University of Vienna (1957); appointed Judge and assigned to the Federal Ministry of Justice (1961); Judge in press matters at the Straf-Bezirksgericht, Vienna (1963-1966); spokesperson of the Federal Ministry of Justice (1966-1970), and subsequently appointed to the international affairs department of that Ministry; Adviser to the Justice Committee and spokesperson at the Parliament (1973-1978); Member of the Constitutional Court (1978); fulltime Judge-Rapporteur at that Court until the end of 1994; Judge at the Court of Justice since 19 January 1995. Advocate General Philippe Lger Born 1938; A member of the judiciary serving at the Ministry of Justice (1966-1970); Head of, and subsequently Technical Adviser at, the Private Office of the Minister for Living Standards in 1976; Technical Adviser at the Private Office of the Garde des Sceaux (1976-1978); Deputy Director of Criminal Affairs and Reprieves at the Ministry of Justice (1978-1983); Senior Member of the Court of Appeal, Paris (1983-1986); Deputy Director of the Private Office of the Garde des Sceaux, Minister for Justice (1986); President of the Regional Court at Bobigny (1986-1993); Head of the Private Office of the Ministre d'tat, the Garde des Sceaux, Minister for Justice, and Advocate General at the Court of Appeal, Paris (1993-1994); Associate Professor at Ren Descartes University (Paris V) (1988-1993); Advocate General at the Court of Justice since 7 October 1994. Members of the Court of First Instance Judge Arjen W. H. Meij Born in 1944; Justice at the Supreme Court of the Netherlands (1996); Judge and Vice-President at the College van Beroep voor het Bedrijfsleven (Administrative Court for Trade and Industry) (1986); Judge Substitute at the Court of Appeal for Social Security, and Substitute Member of the Administrative Court for Customs Tariff Matters; Legal Secretary at the Court of Justice of the European Communities (1980); Lecturer in European Law in the Law Faculty of the University of Groningen and Research Assistant at the University of Michigan Law School; Staff Member of the International Secretariat of the Amsterdam Chamber of Commerce (1970); Judge at the Court of First Instance from 17 September 1998. Judge John D. Cooke Born 1944; Called to the Bar of Ireland 1966; Admitted also to the Bars of England & Wales, of Northern Ireland and of New South Wales; Practising barrister 1966 to 1996; Admitted to the Inner Bar in Ireland (Senior Counsel) 1980 and New South Wales 1991; President of the Council of the Bars and Law Societies of the European Comunity (CCBE) 1985 to 1986; Visiting Fellow, Faculty of Law, University College Dublin; Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators; President of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland 1987 to 1990; Bencher of the Honorable Society of Kings Inns, Dublin; Honorary Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, London; Judge at the Court of First Instance since 10 january 1996. Judge Josef Azizi Born 1948; Doctor of Laws and Bachelor of Sociology and Economics of the University of Vienna; Lecturer and senior lecturer at the Vienna School of Economics and the Faculty of Law of the University of Vienna; Ministerialrat and Head of Department at the Federal Chancellery; Judge at the Court of First Instance since 18 January 1995. Judge Mihalis Vilaras Born in 1950; lawyer; Junior Member of the Greek Council of State; Member of the Greek Council of State; Associate Member of the Superior Special Court of Greece; national expert with the Legal Service of the European Commission, then Principal Administrator in Directorate General V (Employment, Industrial Relations, Social Affairs); Member of the Central Legislative Drafting Committee of Greece; Director of the Legal Service in the General Secretariat of the Greek Government; Judge at the Court of First Instance from 17 September 1998. Judge Nicholas James Forwood Born 1948; graduated 1969 from Cambridge University (Mechanical Sciences and Law); called to the English Bar in 1970, thereafter practising in London (1971-1979) and also in Brussels (1979-1999); called to the Irish Bar in 1981; appointed Queen's Counsel in 1987, and Bencher of the Middle Temple 1998; representative of the Bar of England and Wales at the Council of the Bars and Law Societies of the EU (CCBE) and Chairman of the CCBE's Permanent Delegation to the European Court of Justice; Treasurer of the European Maritime Law Organisation (board member since 1991); and a Governing Board member of the World Trade Law Association; Judge at the Court of First Instance since 15 December 1999. Judge Paolo Mengozzi Born in 1938; professor of International law and holder of the Jean Monnet Chair of European Community law at the University of Bologna; Doctor honoris causa of the Carlos III University, Madrid; visiting professor at the Johns Hopkins University (Bologna Center), at the Universities of St. Johns (New York) Georgetown, Paris-II, Georgia (Athens) and the Institut Universitaire International (Luxembourg); co-ordinator of the European Business Law Pallas Program of the University of Nijmegen; member of the consultative committee of the Commission of the European Communities on public procurement; Under-Secretary of State for Trade and Industry during the Italian tenure of the Presidency of the Council; member of the working group of the European Community on the World Trade Organization (WTO) and director of the 1997 session of The Hague Academy of International Law research centre devoted to the WTO; Judge at the Court of First Instance since 4 March 1998. Participants: Basel University, Stockholm University, The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple, Maastricht University, Vienna University, Golden Gate University ELMC Representatives: Adela Klirova, Antnio Santos, Erik Vollebregt, Jacob borum, Maria Velasco, Michel Debroux, Mikaela Laasborn, Organising Team Representatives: Catarina Aguiar, Dinamene de Freitas, Marta Rebelo, Nadia Ribeiro Final Results of the 2000 / 2001 edition of the European Law Moot Court Competition Regional Finals: Durham: Best Team: Basel University Best Advocate-General: Basel University Maastricht: Best Team: Stockholm University - team 138 Best Commission Representative: Stockholm University - team 138 Tallinn: Best Team: The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple Best Advocate-General: Maastricht University Special Achievement award: Kristoph Meckle Lisbon: Best Team: Vienna University Best Commisson Representative: Golden Gate University, S. Francisco USA Special Achievement award: Eilin ODea All-European Final: Winning Team: Stockholm University - team 138 Best AG / CR: Karolina Mojzesowicz, Maastricht University Best Written Pleading: Stockholm University - team 139 Case for the 2000 / 2001 Edition MOOT COURT CASE 2000-2001 The facts Music OnLine ("MOL") is a company established in the EU member state Fictivia. MOL maintains a web site on the internet (http://www.mol.eu) in the English language. On this web site consumers and companies can download music in the compressed file format NQ4 or choose certain music to be put on a CD, which is sent to the customer via normal mail. The music is paid for by credit card. Customers may choose to pay for their music on separate occasions or subscribe to MOLs web site and become a member. Members get an account with MOL that is measured in megabytes. For a monthly subscription fee of EURO 30,- the customer receives a number of megabytes on his/her account. The customer can download or have put on CD as many megabytes of music from the MOL-site as the customer has megabytes on the account. From time to time MOL advertises with special offers to enable the customer to increase the amount of megabytes on the account independent of the monthly increase. MOL advertises a special offer on its web site. If another person recommended by a member becomes member of MOL, the recommending member can either download or have put on a CD 5% more megabytes of music on one single occasion or have an extra occasion play a game called the Guezz!-game. If a recommending member can induce two other persons to become members, the recommending member can download 10% more megabytes of music or have two extra occasions to play the game. For three successful recommendations a member gets 15% or three extra occasions to play the game, etc. On the page with the offer, an illustration is shown of a graph in bright colors with a steep curve representing the increasing percentage of megabytes a recommending member may gain:  EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 \s  The Guezz!-game page is reached by following a link from MOLs home page. If the customer guesses the correct amount of megabytes of certain songs that are only shown to a particular customer and are changed every time the customer logs in, the customer can win the amount of megabytes multiplied by ten. The megabytes won may be cashed in in the normal way: by having the music put on CD, which is sent to the customer or by downloading the music directly from MOLs web site. A member can only partake in the Guezz!-game once a day, except if the member is referred to the Guezz!-game for having successfully recommended a new member. The extra occasion to play the Guezz!-game can be won only once a day. Inventium is a EU member state in which 30% of MOLs members live. Inventium does not have detailed advertising legislation. Historically, the industry has relied on a system of self-regulation in advertising that regulates advertising in Inventium and is administered by the Advertising Code Foundation. The Advertising Code Foundation is a private law foundation. The Advertising Code Foundation has issued the Advertising Code, which contains the rules that apply to advertising in Inventium. The Advertising Code provides that the Advertising Board, which is part of the Advertising Code Foundation, issues decisions as to whether or not advertising complies with the Advertising Code. The Advertising Board is composed of representatives of the industry. The decisions of the Advertising Board can be appealed at the Advertising Appeal Board, which also forms part of the Advertising Code Foundation and is composed of representatives of the industry. The Media Act in Inventium appoints the Media Authority as the state body responsible for the supervision of all media in Inventium. The state of Inventium has taken a non-interventionist stance with regard to advertising, which is left to self-regulation by the industry. The industry has set up the Advertising Board, a self-regulatory body, which hears complaints by consumers and companies about advertising in any media. The Advertising Board evaluates the advertising pursuant to the Inventium Self Regulatory Advertising Code ("the Advertising Code") that it has drawn up twenty years ago. The Advertising Board issues a recommendation to stop advertising in the way complained about to the advertiser if the complaint is upheld. Pursuant to the Advertising Code, recommendations of the Advertising Board may be appealed at the Advertising Appeal Board, which is part of the same self-regulatory body as the Advertising Board. Appeal suspends the decision of the Advertising Board. The Media Act provides in article 7 that the Media Authority may prohibit advertising in any media if the Advertising Board considers that the advertising does not comply with the Inventium Self Regulatory Advertising Code and makes a recommendation to that effect to the Media Authority. In practice, the Media Authority follows the recommendations in 98 % of the cases. Pursuant to the Media Authoritys consistent policy, it will only diverge from the recommendation of the Advertising Board when grounds of mandatory public interest necessitate it to do so. The Advertising Code provides in article 7 that [c]ontrary to the Advertising Code is any advertising that is misleading as to its form, appearance or content.. The Advertising Code provides in article 11 that Advertising shall not include any game of chance with which the product advertised may be won as a prize. Games of chance are games in which a participant cannot exercise decisive influence on the outcome of the game. Proceedings before the Advertising Board and Advertising Appeal Board DirectM, a competitor of MOL established in Inventium, complains to the Advertising Board in Inventium about MOLs rebate offer and about the Guezz!-game. DirectM submits to the Advertising Board that MOLs advertising is contrary to articles 7 and 11 of the Advertising Code because: MOLs advertising for the special offer is misleading because the curve represented in the graph shows a steeper increase in percentage of megabytes to be won than the linear increase of 5% offered per successful recommendation; and that the Guezz!-game constitutes a game of chance that falls within the scope of article 11 of the Advertising Code. The Advertising Board considers that the advertisement for the special offer is misleading because the graphic representation of the advantage to be gained does not corroborate with the actual advantage offered. Therefore, the average consumer is deceived and led to believe that the advantage is higher than offered in reality. Furthermore, the Advertising Board considers that the Guezz!-game is a form of advertising because is designed and intended to promote the sale of music from the MOL web site. It constitutes a game of chance because the actual size in megabytes of a file in the compressed file format NQ4 is not predictable to the average consumer. Thus, the Advertising Board issues a recommendation that both the advertisement and the Guezz!-game are contrary to the Advertising Code and that MOL should cease advertising in this way. Finally, the Advertising Board decides that if MOL does not follow the Advertising Boards recommendation, the Advertising Board will recommend the Inventium Media Authority to prohibit MOL from advertising in this way in Inventium. MOL appeals the recommendation of the Advertising Board to the Advertising Appeal Board. Before the Advertising Appeal Board, MOL contends that the recommendation of the advertising board is: a breach of the provisions on the free movement of goods as the Advertising Code is to be considered a measure of equivalent effect and a breach of the provisions on the free movement of services within the EU and is contrary to the e-commerce directive. Furthermore, MOL argues that the Advertising Appeal Board should request the ECJ for a preliminary ruling regarding these issues. DirectM contends that the Advertising Appeal Board is not an emanation of the state and can therefore not contravene the provisions on the free movement of goods and services by means of its recommendation. Furthermore, DirectM argues that the recommendation does not contravene the e-commerce directive. The Advertising Appeal Board decides to stay proceedings and refer the following questions to the ECJ because it considers that it will need guidance by the ECJ to be able to decide the case: Can a self-regulatory body such as the Advertising Board qualify as a judge within the scope of article 234? Does a national rule that allows a state body to prohibit advertising on recommendation of a self-regulatory body fall within the scope of article 28 EC and, if so, is the recommendation of the Advertising board contrary to article 28 EC? Does a national rule that allows a state body to prohibit advertising on recommendation of a self-regulatory body fall within the scope of article 49 EC and, if so, is the recommendation of the Advertising board contrary to article 49 EC? Does a national rule that allows a state body to prohibit advertising using promotional games on recommendation of a self-regulatory body fall within the scope of article 6 (d) of the e-commerce directive? The reference of the Advertising Appeal Board is lodged at the ECJ. The parties MOL (applicant) and DirectM (defendant) appear before the ECJ to state their case. *** Le Cas Pour 2000 / 2001 MOOT COURT SUJET 2000-2001 Les faits 1. Music OnLine (MOL) est une socit tablie en FICTIVIA, un Etat membre de lUnion europenne. MOL gre un site Internet en anglais, accessible ladresse suivante: http://www.mol.eu. Sur ce site, les particuliers et les socits peuvent tlcharger des fichiers musicaux en format comprim NQ4 ou choisir certains morceaux qui sont gravs sur CD et qui leur sont envoys par courrier. Le paiement pour la musique se fait par carte de crdit. Les clients peuvent choisir de payer leur musique chaque commande ou sinscrire sur le site de MOL afin de devenir membre. 2. Les membres se voient crdits par MOL dun compte exprim en megabits. En contrepartie dune redevance mensuelle de 30 Euros, le membre reoit un certain nombre de megabits sur son compte. Le membre peut tlcharger ou recevoir sur un CD autant de musique en provenance du site de MOL quil a de megabits sur son compte. Priodiquement, MOL met en place des offres spciales qui permettent aux membres daugmenter le nombre de megabits sur leur compte, indpendamment du nombre de megabits reus par mois. 3. Sur son site, MOL fait la promotion d loffre spciale suivante: si un tiers recommand par un membre devient lui-mme membre de MOL, le membre qui est lorigine de la recommandation (le parrain) peut soit tlcharger ou recevoir sur un CD 5 % de megabits supplmentaires en une fois, ou disposer dune occasion supplmentaire de jouer un jeu dnomm le Guezz!. Si un parrain parvient inciter deux personnes devenir membre, il peut tlcharger 10 % supplmentaire ou disposer de deux occasions supplmentaires de jouer au Guezz!. Pour trois nouveaux membres parrains, le parrain reoit 15 % ou trois occasions de jouer, et ainsi de suite. Sur la page qui prsente cette offre spciale, un graphique indique, en couleurs brillantes, la progression des gains potentiels des parrains:  EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 \s  4. Le jeu Guezz! est accessible au moyen dun lien hypertexte depuis la page daccueil du site MOL. Si le client devine le nombre de megabits de certaines chansons qui sont seulement montres un client particulier et qui sont changes chaque fois quil se connecte, le joueur peut gagner le nombre de megabits concern, multipli par 10. Les mgabits ainsi gagns peuvent tre utiliss de la faon habituelle: soit gravs sur un CD adress au client, soit tlchargs directement depuis le site de MOL. Un membre ne peut jouer au Guezz! quune fois par jour, sauf sil est enregistr auprs du Guezz! comme ayant parrain avec succs un nouveau membre. La possibilit supplmentaire de jouer au Guezz! ne peut tre gagne quune fois par jour. 5. INVENTIUM est un Etat membre de lUnion Europenne dans lequel rsident 30 % des membres de MOL. Il nexiste pas de lgislation dtaille relative la publicit en INVENTIUM. Historiquement, lindustrie sest fonde sur un systme dautorgulation de la publicit, administr par la Fondation du Code de la Publicit, une fondation de droit priv (la Fondation). La Fondation a publi le Code de la Publicit, qui nonce les rgles applicables la publicit sur le territoire de INVENTIUM. Ce Code prvoit que le Conseil de la Publicit, qui fait partie de la Fondation, adopte des dcisions jugeant de la compatibilit des publicits qui lui sont soumises avec le Code de la Publicit. Le Conseil de la Publicit est compos de reprsentants de lindustrie. Ses dcisions peuvent tre soumises en appel devant le Conseil dAppel de la Publicit, qui fait galement partie de la Fondation et qui est compos de reprsentants de lindustrie. 6. La loi sur les mdia de lEtat de INVENTIUM prvoit que lAutorit des Mdias est lorganisme public charg du contrle de tous les mdia en INVENTIUM. INVENTIUM a adopt une attitude non interventionniste lgard de la publicit, en privilgiant lautorgulation de la part de lindustrie. Lindustrie a institu le Conseil de la Publicit, une institution dautorgulation charge dinstruire les plaintes formules par les consommateurs et les entreprises relatives la publicit parue dans tout mdia. Le Conseil de la Publicit examine la publicit en question au regard du Code dAutorgulation de la Publicit dINVENTIUM, quil a labor vingt ans auparavant (le Code de la Publicit). Si le Conseil de la Publicit considre quune plainte est fonde, il adresse lannonceur une recommandation de mettre fin aux modalits de publicit ayant fait lobjet de la plainte. En vertu du Code de la Publicit, toute recommandation du Conseil de la Publicit peut tre soumise, en appel, au Conseil dAppel de la Publicit, qui fait partie du mme organisme dautorgulation que le Conseil de la Publicit. Lappel est suspensif. 7. La loi sur les mdias prvoit en son article 7 que lAutorit des Mdias peut interdire une publicit dans tout mdia si le Conseil de la Publicit considre que la publicit en question enfreint le Code dAutorgulation de la Publicit dINVENTIUM et fait une recommandation en ce sens lAutorit des Mdias. 8. En pratique, lAutorit des Mdias suit les recommandations du Conseil de la Publicit dans 98 % des cas. En application dune pratique dcisionnelle constante de lAutorit des Mdias, celle-ci ne scartera de la recommandation du Conseil de la Publicit que lorsque des considrations impratives dintrt public le rendront ncessaire. 9. Le Code de la Publicit prvoit en son article 7 que toute publicit trompeuse en sa forme, en son apparence ou en son contenu, est contraire au Code de la Publicit頻. 10. Le Code de la Publicit prvoit en son article 11 que aucune publicit ne peut inclure un jeu de hasard dans lequel le produit faisant lobjet de la promotion peut tre gagn titre de prix du jeu. Sont qualifis de jeux de hasard tous jeux dans lesquels les joueurs ne peuvent exercer une influence dterminante sur lissue du jeu. Procdures devant le Conseil de la Publicit et le Conseil dAppel de la Publicit 11. DirectM, un concurrent de MOL tabli en INVENTIUM, intente une action auprs du Conseil de la Publicit de INVENTIUM lencontre de loffre de rabais de MOL et du jeu Guezz!. DirectM soutient devant le Conseil de la Publicit que la publicit de MOL enfreint les articles 7 et 11 du Code de la Publicit aux motifs que : la publicit de MOL portant sur loffre spciale est trompeuse car la courbe reprsente sur le graphique montre une croissance du pourcentage de megabits en jeu plus forte que la croissance linaire de 5 % offerte par parrainage, et le jeu Guezz! est un jeu de hasard qui entre dans le champ dapplication de larticle 11 du Code de la Publicit. 12. Le Conseil de la Publicit considre que la publicit pour loffre spciale est trompeuse parce que la reprsentation graphique de lavantage gagner ne corrobore pas lavantage effectivement offert. En consquence, le consommateur moyen est tromp et induit penser que lavantage est plus attractif que celui effectivement offert. En outre, le Conseil de la Publicit considre que le jeu Guezz! est une forme de publicit en ce quil est conu dans le but de promouvoir la vente de musique depuis le site Internet MOL. Il constitue un jeu de hasard parce que la taille effective, exprime en megabits, dun fichier comprim au format NQ4 ne peut pas tre prdite par le consommateur moyen. Ds lors le Conseil de la Publicit met une recommandation selon laquelle (i) la publicit et le jeu Guezz! lui-mme enfreignent le Code de la Publicit et (ii) MOL devrait mettre fin toute publicit de ce type. Finalement, le Conseil de la Publicit dcide que si MOL ne se conforme pas sa recommandation, il recommandera lAutorit des Mdias de INVENTIUM dinterdire MOL toute publicit de ce type sur le territoire de INVENTIUM. MOL fait appel de la dcision du Conseil de la Publicit devant le Conseil dAppel de la Publicit. MOL soutient quela recommandation du Conseil de la Publicit est : une entrave la libre circulation des biens dans la mesure o le Code de la Publicit doit tre considr comme une mesure deffet quivalent; une entrave la libre circulation des services au sein de lUnion Europenne; et est contraire la directive relative au commerce lectronique. 14. En outre, MOL soutient que le Conseil d'Appel de la Publicit devrait soumettre la CJCE une question prjudicielle sur ces sujets. 15. Pour sa part, DirectM soutient que le Conseil dAppel de la Publicit nest pas une manation de lEtat et quil ne peut pas, ds lors, contrevenir par ses recommandations aux dispositions relatives la libre circulation des biens et services. En outre, DirectM soutient que la recommandation ne contrevient pas la directive sur le commerce lectronique. 16. Le Conseil dAppel de la Publicit dcide de surseoir statuer et pose les questions prjudicielles suivantes la Cour de Justice des Communauts Europennes, car il estime quil lui sera ncessaire de disposer de laide de la Cour pour prendre sa dcision: Un organisme dautorgulation tel que le Conseil de la Publicit peut-il tre qualifi de juge au sens de larticle 234 du trait CE? Une disposition nationale qui autorise un organisme public interdire une publicit sur le fondement dune recommandation dun organisme dautorgulation entre-t-elle dans le champ dapplication de larticle 28 du trait CE et, dans laffirmative, la recommandation du Conseil de la Publicit est-elle contraire cet article? Une disposition nationale qui autorise un organisme public interdire une publicit sur le fondement dune recommandation dun organisme dautorgulation entre-t-elle dans le champ dapplication de larticle 49 du trait CE et, dans laffirmative, la recommandation du Conseil de la Publicit est-elle contraire cet article? Une disposition nationale qui autorise un organisme public interdire une publicit faisant usage dun jeu promotionnel sur le fondement dune recommandation dun organisme dautorgulation entre-t-elle dans le champ dapplication de larticle 6 (d) de la directive sur le commerce lectronique? 17. La question pose par le Conseil d'Appel de la Publicit est soumise la CJCE. Les parties MOL (demandeur) et DirectM (dfendeur) prsentent leurs observations devant la CJCE. * * * Best written pleading for the 2000 / 2001 edition (applicant) Authors: Russell Hunter ( HYPERLINK "mailto:rghunter@mail.com" rghunter@mail.com) and Charlotte Landstrm ( HYPERLINK "mailto:charlottelandstrom@yahoo.com" charlottelandstrom@yahoo.com) STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY Editors note: the pleadings have been prepared for the ELMC annual report layout, and as a consequence here occupy more pages than at the previous version, which complied to the rules. Written Observations of the Applicant Moot Court Case 2000-2001, In the Court of Justice of the European Communities Reference to the Court of Justice of the European Communities for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 of the EC Treaty by the Inventium Advertising Appeal Board in the proceedings before the Inventium Advertising Appeal Board between Music OnLine (Applicant) and DirectM (Respondant) I. SUMMARY OF THE FACTS 1 II. ARGUMENTATION 2 The First Question 2 Suggested Answer 2 The Second and Third Questions 4 A Common Approach to the Free Movement of Goods and Services 4 Suggested Answer 4 Misleading Advertising is Regulated at Community Level in Relation to Both Goods and Services 5 Article 7 of the Media Act is a National Rule Capable of Constituting a Restriction Within the Scope of Articles 28 and 49 EC 5 Regarding the Third Question 6 This Case Involves the Free Movement of Services 7 Article 7 Of The Media Act is not Compatible with Article 49 EC 7 This Breach of Article 49 EC Cannot be Justified 8 Regarding the Second Question 11 This Case Involves the Free Movement of Goods 11 Article 7 of the Media Act falls Outside the Scope of the Judgment in Keck 12 Article 7 of the Media Act is not Compatible with Article 28 EC 12 This Breach of Article 28 EC Cannot be Justified 13 The Fourth Question 14 Suggested Answer 14 III. RESUME IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY I. SUMMARY OF THE FACTS Music OnLine (MOL) is established in Fictivia. From MOLs website, consumers and companies can download music or have it sent on a CD. Consumers can become members of MOL to benefit from special offers. MOL currently has an offer whereby members can receive extra music in a download or on a CD if they introduce a new person to MOL who subsequently becomes a member. The more members an existing member introduces, the more extra music he can receive. Alternatively, the member can choose to play the Guezz! game. Instructions and a small graph explain the rules and benefits of the promotion. A substantial number of MOLs members live in Inventium, which promotes advertising self-regulation. Advertising regulation is performed by the Advertising Code Foundation, which has issued the Advertising Code (Code). It contains the applicable rules in Inventium. The Advertising Board (AB), part of the Foundation, decides whether advertising complies with the Code. Decisions of the AB may be appealed to the ABs appellate part, the Advertising Appeal Board (AAB). The Inventium Media Act appoints the Media Authority as the state body responsible for supervising all media, authorising it to prohibit any advertising which the AB decides does not comply with the Code. The Media Authority follows all decisions unless the decision is contrary to the public interest. A competitor of MOL, DirectM, complains about MOLs promotions to the AB, which decides that MOL must cease using these promotional techniques. It considers that the graph incorrectly reflects the benefits offered, and that the game constitutes a game of chance prohibited by the Code. MOL appeals the recommendation to the AAB. As this case raises a number of Community law issues, MOL requests the AAB to refer the following questions to the European Court of Justice (the Court): 1. Can a self-regulatory body such as the Advertising Appeal Board qualify as a court or tribunal within the scope of Article 234 EC? 2. Does a national rule that allows a state body to prohibit advertising on recommendation of a self-regulatory body fall within the scope of Article 28 EC and, if so, is the recommendation of the Advertising Board contrary to Article 28 EC? 3. Does a national rule that allows a state body to prohibit advertising on recommendation of a self-regulatory body fall within the scope of Article 49 EC and, if so, is the recommendation of the Advertising Board contrary to Article 49 EC? 4. Does a national rule that allows a state body to prohibit advertising using promotional games on recommendation of a self-regulatory body fall within the scope of Article 6 (d) of the E-commerce Directive? II. ARGUMENTATION The first question Suggested answer to the first question: A self-regulatory body qualifies as a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC where that body in practice decides on matters involving the application of Community law, and where that body can rely on enforcement mechanisms of the State to ensure compliance with its decisions. It must be emphasised that the question as to whether a referring body is a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC is a matter for Community law alone. The Court has not provided an exhaustive definition of a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC, although in Dorsch it indicated the factors which it will take into consideration in making such a determination. These guidelines are: whether the body is established by law, whether it is permanent, whether its jurisdiction is compulsory, whether it applies rules of law, whether it is independent and whether its procedures are inter partes. It must be emphasised that the criteria set out in Dorsch are merely guidelines. A more fundamental guiding principle must be the function the body serves rather than its form. It is up to each Member State to take the necessary steps to ensure measures by the Community Institutions are implemented in their entirety. In order to ensure the proper functioning of Community law, it is imperative that the Court should have the opportunity of ruling on issues of interpretation and validity arising out of such proceedings. The AAB is established by law since it is formally acknowledged in the Media Act and operates with the consent of the public authorities. This structure has functioned for twenty years and, furthermore, it is within the power of the State to decide which body will rule in particular areas. The AAB is clearly permanent since it has successfully existed for the last twenty years. The AAB exercises compulsory jurisdiction. The State of Inventium has encouraged this system of dispute resolution. The Court stated in Danfoss that where the jurisdiction of a body is not dependent on the consent of the parties, its jurisdiction is compulsory. This is the case here. In Broekmeulen, the Court held that the fact that a party could potentially still turn to the courts of ordinary jurisdiction is not important for Community purposes. Therefore, the AAB exercises compulsory jurisdiction. Furthermore, decisions of the AAB are binding as far as they can rely on the power of the Member State to enforce those decisions thorough the Media Authority if a party does not comply with the decision. The AAB applies rules of law since it follows the rules set out in the Code, which is expressly referred to in the Media Act. The Code contains the only binding rules which address advertising in Inventium, and the self-regulatory jurisdiction has been accepted for over twenty years. The AAB is independent. The fact that the AAB is an inappropriate regulatory body, according the misleading advertising directive, on the basis that such bodies must be in addition to, and not a substitute for, the courts of ordinary jurisdiction, does not change this. In Dorsch the Court accepted that the incorrect implementation of Community measures requiring a regulatory regime to be set up did not lead to a finding that the body thus established was not independent. Therefore, the case law of the Court supports a finding that the AAB is independent. Finally, the AABs procedure is inter partes. A claim must be brought before the AAB before it issues a decision. If the complaint is upheld, the decision issued requires an advertiser to cease advertising in the manner complained of. Moreover, Community law now promotes the use of self-regulatory systems. Advocate General Jacobs emphasised the benefits of self-regulation in Pavlov as offering greater flexibility and swifter responses than control by governments and parliaments. Council directive 84/450 even makes this an option in the field of advertising. As Community law moves in this direction, the concept of a body that can refer under Article 234 EC must focus on the function it serves. A self-regulatory body qualifies as a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC where that body in practice decides on matters involving the application of Community law, and where that body can rely on enforcement mechanisms of the State to ensure compliance with its decisions. Where these decisions could affect fundamental Community rights and distort the proper operation of the Single Market, the deciding factor must be the function the body serves and the nature of the decisions it delivers rather than merely its form. Thus, it is clear that the AAB must be considered a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC. THE SECOND AND THIRD QUESTIONS A Common approach to the free movement of goods and services Suggested answer to the second and third questions: A national rule, such as Article 7 of the Media Act, which allows a State body to prohibit advertising based on recommendations of a self-regulatory body falls within the scope of Articles 28 and 49 EC. Such a rule is contrary to Articles 28 and 49 EC since it simultaneously limits promotional opportunities in a manner which discriminates against the provision of services and the free movement of goods from another Member State. Certain transactions involve more than one fundamental freedom. This is true of Internet commerce. Defining this business as involving only the free movement of services or only the free movement of goods is neither possible nor indeed useful. Such a separation is artificial since the transaction involves elements of both fundamental freedoms. This necessitates a joint application of the regimes on service and goods, which in any case are based on common principles. The Court accepted a cumulative application of Treaty provisions in Lottomatica, Svensson & Gustavsson and de Agostini. This approach is suitable in relation to goods and services. Both are based on regulation in the state of origin, and both allow for derogations based of specific provisions, or to satisfy mandatory or overwhelming requirements respectively. When a measure is shown to be outside the Keck judgment, a common approach to these two fundamental freedoms can be ascertained. In this case, neither the service nor the goods aspect is incidental to the other. Therefore, since MOLs business has aspects relating to both the free movement of services and goods, the national rule contested should be checked for compliance with Articles 28 and 49 EC. Misleading Advertising is regulated at Community Level in relation to both goods and services A common approach to advertising regulation in respect of goods and services is supported by directive 84/450/EEC on misleading advertising. Article 3 states its provisions apply to both fundamental freedoms. Therefore, the concept of misleading advertising must be the same in respect of Articles 28 and 49 EC, as they are regulated by the same legislation. Consequently, any restrictions on advertising, which can affect the free movement of goods and services, must be in compliance with the misleading advertising directive. This is discussed below in relation to the second, third and fourth questions. In addition, the regulatory system in Inventium does not fully comply with the requirements of the misleading advertising directive. Although Article 4(1) leaves the exact choice of system to the Member State, certain powers must be conferred on the competent bodies, which Inventium has not done. When an individual brings a complaint before the AAB, it has no power to grant the relief requested; it can merely issue a recommendation which may or may not be accepted by the Media Authority. It is also doubtful whether Inventium complies with Article 5 of the directive, since a self-regulatory body such as the AAB is only foreseen in addition to, and not as a substitute for, the courts of ordinary jurisdiction. By failing to implement the misleading advertising directive in full, Inventium has clearly acted in a disloyal manner within the meaning of Article 10 EC as far as Community interests are concerned. Therefore, MOL maintains that the prohibition of the Guezz! game and the ban on using the graph on its website, on the basis that both promotional techniques contravene the Code, are incompatible with Articles 28 and 49 EC. Article 7 of the Media Act is a national rule capable of constituting a restriction within the scope of Articles 28 and 49 EC. In Sger, the Court held Article 49 EC applies to all restrictions which have a discriminatory effect, whether these national rules are distinctly or indistinctly applicable. The Court in Koestler stated that any requirements laid down by law or in consequence of any administrative practice to regulate services would constitute a restriction where the effect was to hinder the free movement of services, even if indistinctly applicable. Therefore, Article 49 EC has a broad scope. Following the Courts ruling in Dassonville, the same is true of Article 28 EC, which applies to all measures that restrict, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-Community trade. The Court confirmed in Oosthoek and de Agostini that advertising restrictions can constitute measures within the scope of Article 28 EC by forcing a supplier to adopt different advertising techniques in different member states, or abandon a particularly effective method in the country of origin by virtue of attempting to provide those goods across intra-Community frontiers. Moreover, in Royal Pharmaceutical Society, decisions of a regulatory body unto which the state had conferred regulatory powers constituted measures where the exercise of those powers affected one of the fundamental freedoms. In Alpine Investments, the Court considered a national rule which limited the promotional methods a company could use to contact new customers, it indicated that a national rule can be considered a restriction where it directly affects market access. As the basis on which the Media Authority issues prohibitions giving binding force to the AABs decisions, Article 7 of the Media Act is a national rule within the scope of Articles 28 and 49 EC which is capable of directly affecting market access. Consequently, the powers conferred by this Article must be exercised according to the Courts jurisprudence on the free movement of services. If this provision is used to enact binding measures in a manner which hinders the attainment of the fundamental freedoms, the resulting binding measures will breach Articles 28 and 49 EC. It must also be noted that the case law also supports the finding that Article 11 of the Code is potentially incompatible with Articles 28 and 49 EC, since it prohibits part of the advertising techniques used by MOL, and is capable of directly affecting market access. Therefore MOL maintains that since Article 7 of the Media Act will allow the decision of the AB to be given binding force, and given the discriminatory effect that this will have on MOL, it must be considered whether Article 7 of the Act is within the scope of Articles 28 and 49 EC. Regarding THE THIRD QUESTION MOLs business is the sale and downloading of music files from its website. This involves aspects of the free movement of services and, consequently, is within the scope of Article 49 EC This case involves the free movement of services The Community regards electronic transactions as services: The E-commerce Directive regulates information society services, defined as any service, provided at a distance, by electronic means and at the individual request of a recipient of services. In Sacchi, where the Court was asked whether the provision of television broadcasts was within the scope of the free movement of services or goods, it held in the absence of express provisionsthe transmission of television signals, including those in the nature of advertisements, comeswithin the rules of the Treaty relating to services. Due to their similarity, the facts in the case at hand support an application of the jurisprudence of the Sacchi judgment. As in Sacchi, MOL provides a service to the recipient at a distance, across a frontier, using electronic means. Moreover, MOLs commercial activities constitute information society services within the meaning of the E-commerce Directive and must be regarded as services. Consequently, it is clear that this case involves the free movement of services and Article 49 EC is applicable. Article 7 of the Media Act is not compatible with Article 49 EC A national rules such as Article 7 of the Media Act is prohibited by Article 49 EC since it discriminates against providers of services established in other Member States by ignoring the origin principle and the prohibition on dual supervision. The origin principle was established in van Binsbergen, and affirmed in Webb. In van Binsbergen the Court held that Article 49 EC abolishes all discrimination against the person providing the service by reason ofthe fact that he is established in a Member State other than that in which the service is to be provided. The Court has subsequently endorsed the origin principle in fields analogous to Internet commerce, especially in relation to television and telephone sales. In de Agostini, which involved a prohibition on certain promotional techniques by the target State, the Court held that if a broadcaster complies with the rules of the State of establishment, the target State cannot enforce its own provisions. It also took into consideration that Community legislation regulated this matter. The origin principle has now been expressly extended to Internet trade by Article 3 of the E-commerce Directive. In Oosthoek and de Agostini, the Court held that prohibitions on certain advertising techniques affected individuals selling goods or providing services from another Member State more severely than those acting solely within one Member State. Individuals exercising their Community rights are forced either to abandon certain promotional techniques, or develop State-specific advertising campaigns. Applying the Courts case law affirming the origin principle, MOL is subject to Fictivias advertising rules. Inventium is obliged to respect this principle when regulating cross-border services. MOL is being subjected to dual supervision by being forced to comply with two sets of advertising rules. This is contrary to Article 49 EC. If this were not so, the purpose of Article 49 EC would be frustrated, namely that cross-border services can be provided without the need to comply with the rules of every jurisdiction encountered. This is formally recognised in the Treaty through separate provisions covering services and establishment. Therefore, it is clear from the Courts case law that Article 7 of the Media Act is incompatible with Article 49 EC in so far as it discriminates. This breach of Article 49 EC cannot be justified This discrimination is not capable of justification under the Treaty or the case law of the Court. It is settled law that national measures limiting one of the fundamental freedoms must be interpreted narrowly. The jurisprudence of the Court sets down conditions for determining the incompatibility of a measure with Article 49 EC. Any restriction must be applied in a non-discriminatory way, it must seek to protect a legitimate public interest or be covered by an express exception, and it must be proportional. A measure that does not satisfy these requirements is incompatible with Community law. a) Article 7 of the Media Act is discriminatory Article 7 of the Media Act is discriminatory because it seeks to subject the supplier of services to control both in the state of establishment and the state where the recipient is located. In Climatec, the Court held that measures were discriminatory where they prohibit, impede or render less advantageous the activities of a provider of services established in another Member State where he lawfully provides similar services. This is the case here. In the case at hand, the applicable rules are the advertising rules of Fictivia. By offering services in Inventium, MOL is discriminated against since Inventium seeks to prevent it using certain promotional methods. If MOL did not offer these services in Inventium, MOL would not be required to abandon these methods. Therefore, Inventium seeks to force MOL to abandon certain effective promotional techniques throughout the Community by virtue of it exercising its Treaty rights. Thus, Inventium is seeking to make MOL subject to dual supervision. The national rule forces MOL to abandon certain promotional techniques in exercising its Community rights. Consequently, this supports a finding that the national rule is indirectly discriminatory. b) Articles 7 of the Media Act is not covered by the exemptions in Article 46 EC The discriminatory national rule cannot be justified by any express provision in the Treaty. Article 46 EC allows derogations based on public policy, although under Article 10 EC, Member States are required to take all appropriate measuresto ensure the fulfilment of the obligations arising out of this TreatyThey shall facilitate the achievement of the Communitys tasksThey shall abstain from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the objectives of this Treaty. Thus any restriction based on Article 46 EC must be compatible with Article 10 EC. While it is Inventium public policy to pursue a non-interventionist approach to advertising, this policy must not interfere with Community objectives. In giving priority to national policies which conflict with Community goals, Inventium is in breach of Article 10 EC by failing to facilitate the attainment of the free movement of services, one of the Communitys fundamental goals. Therefore the public policy provision of Article 46 EC cannot justify the discriminatory measure. c) The measures were not adopted in pursuance of legitimate public interests MOL disputes the claim that these rules are justified on the basis of consumer protection. They are not, in fact, protecting legitimate interests, and they are not proportional to the purported aim. There are two bases on which such a restriction could claim to be justified, either that the consumer is unaware that they are being targeted by a form of advertising, and that the promotional benefits offered by MOL make price comparisons difficult. Firstly, in relation to consumer awareness, it must be observed that the customer must possess a credit card to buy from the MOL website. This ensures that only adults are able to access the site and make decisions to purchase music based on the promotional techniques used by MOL. Moreover, the OECD has observed that online consumers are not ordinary consumers. They are very aware of the effects of advertising in Internet trade. In Mars, in relation to packaging restrictions, the Court stated that reasonably circumspect consumers may be deemed to know that there is not necessarily a link between the size of publicity markings relating to an increase in a product's quantity and the size of that increase. Therefore consumers can be deemed to know when they are being exposed to advertising material. Secondly, the use of the game and the graph does not make it difficult for consumers to make price comparisons. They pay a fixed monthly fee for which they can download a specified amount of music. This makes price comparison with competitors in Inventium extremely easy. It is only available to existing members, and far from representing a threat to the interests of casual Internet users, it is a technique to maintain interest in the website by encouraging members to connect to the website on a regular basis. Once a member is connected to the website, they are then more likely to purchase music from MOL. This amounts to nothing more than traditional advertising, albeit using modern technology. In addition, the Court has indicated that advertising can only be considered misleading if a significant number of consumers are unaware of the true facts, and that had they been aware of the true situation, they would have acted differently. The graph in itself it provides no information on which a decision can be based, and consequently cannot in itself be deemed misleading. Furthermore, if Inventium considers there to be insufficient information, a more proportionate rule would have been to require changes to be made to explain the offer in greater detail. Supplied with this information, consumers would be able to make an informed decision rather than have the state deny them this opportunity on the misguided basis of protecting them. Therefore while MOL maintains the game and the graph do not cause confusion in the minds of consumers, the same concerns could have been addressed in a far less restrictive way. Finally, in Van Binsbergen the Court recognised that indistinctly applicable rules might be justified on the basis of protecting legitimate public interests. However, this was restricted in Webb and Gouda to legitimate non-economic aims. In Gouda, the Court held restrictions on TV advertising were such as to restrict competition, and consequently served to protect the national companies from fair competition from other Member States. As a result, the protectionist element meant that the national rule in the case could not be justified as serving legitimate public interests. In the present case, Inventium has ignored the origin principle by placing an additional burden on companies established in other Member States. This serves as a barrier to keep them out of the Inventium market. By systematically favouring domestic companies, the real aim of these measures does not serve legitimate non-economic aims. Therefore the national rules are incapable of justification. In light of the aforementioned facts and reasons, the measures are not justifiable. In relation to consumer protection, they go beyond what is necessary to achieve that aim since less restrictive measures are both possible and practical in this case. Furthermore, MOL maintains that the true aim of the measures is protectionist, and therefore not capable of justification under Community law. REGARDING THE SECOND QUESTION The national rules, as defined above, are also contrary to Article 28 EC in respect of the aspects of the transaction involving the free movement of goods. The Keck judgment is inapplicable, leading to the same outcome as the aspects relating to the free movement of services under Article 49 EC. This case involves the free movement of goods Since the music files can also be sent on CD to the consumer, this involves the free movement of goods and is within the scope of Article 28 EC. The Court defined goods as products that can be valued in money and which are capable of forming the subject of commercial transactions. Both the sale of videos and the trade of sound recordings have been held to be goods and consequently within the scope of Article 28 EC. MOLs business involves the trade in sound files and dispatch of music on CDs. Thus, the facts and case law support the conclusion that this case is also within the scope of Article 28 EC. Article 7 of the Media Act falls outside the scope of the judgment in Keck The national rule is not part of an internal selling arrangement and therefore outside the scope of the Courts judgment in Keck. In Keck, the Court held internal selling arrangements to be outside Article 28 EC if those rules apply to all traders and do not, in law and in fact, discriminate against imports, and the measures are proportionate. Oosthoek confirmed that advertising restrictions can be outside the scope of Keck, and this judgment was affirmed post-Keck in de Agostini. Clearly this case does not involve internal selling arrangements. MOLs website is accessible throughout the Community. If MOL alters its website, customers in all other Member States will be deprived of the promotions offered by MOL. The Community-wide accessibility issue means Internet regulation is never an internal selling arrangement and never within the scope of Keck. Therefore, the national rules prohibiting certain advertising techniques in relation to Internet commerce are within the scope of Article 28 EC since that ban does not affect in the same way, in fact and in law, the marketing of national goods and goods from other Member States. Article 7 of the Media Act is not compatible with Article 28 EC The prohibition of the game and the graph constitutes a measure equivalent to quantitative restrictions on trade within the scope of Article 28 EC. The Court has emphasised that the Treaty seeks to unite national markets in a Single Market with the characteristics of a domestic market. It was accepted in Oosthoek that while advertising restrictions do not directly affect imports that they do affect the volume of imports. Therefore compelling a producer to alter their methods of sales promotion or adopt a state-specific scheme, or to abandon a particular scheme because they will otherwise be denied access to the market of that Member State, places an additional burden on goods originating outside the Member State as against those already inside its territory. Article 7 of the Media Act can have the effect of isolating one part of the Common Market by requiring compliance with specific rules, even if the goods originate outside Inventium. The rule prohibiting advertising can only realistically be complied with if MOL changes the content of its website. Therefore MOL will be denied the chance to use techniques which are legal in Fictivia by virtue of exercising its Community law right to send goods to Inventium. Such an approach also denies the citizens of Inventium the opportunity to buy goods on the same basis and deriving the same benefits as citizens of the other Member States in which MOL has members. It follows that the national rules must be considered as being contrary to Article 28 EC on the basis that the national rules place a retailer in another Member State at a disadvantage by requiring his advertising to comply with two sets of advertising rules and thus providing a disincentive to offer goods across intra-Community frontiers. This breach of Article 28 EC cannot be justified Not only is Article 7 of the Media Act, in so far as it discriminates, incompatible with Article 28 EC. It is, furthermore, not capable of justification under the Treaty or the case law of the Court. Article 30 EC contains no provision that justifies a measure of the type contested in this case. Any justification must therefore be on the basis of the Cassis de Dijon doctrine of mandatory requirements. In Cassis, the Court accepted that measures constitute obstacles to the free movement of goods could be justified on the basis of mandatory requirements, inter alia the protection of consumers. This point has already been dealt with in respect of services. On the basis of the common principles that apply to Articles 28 and 49 EC, the same reasoning can be applied to the free movement of goods, supporting a finding that the measures are not justified as serving mandatory requirements. Therefore, it is clear that this rule constitutes a measure equivalent to quantitative restriction on trade which is incompatible with Article 28 EC, and which is incapable of being justified. The fourth question Suggested answer to the Fourth Question: A national rule, such as Article 7 of the Media Act, allowing a state body to prohibit advertising based on recommendations of a self-regulatory body falls within the scope of Article 6(d) of the E-commerce Directive. Such a rule is contrary to Article 6(d) since it applies in a manner contrary to the general principles contained in that Article and general principles of Community Law that Article is based on. Firstly, while the transposition period for the E-commerce Directive has not yet expired, national courts and tribunals are under a duty to interpret relevant national law in accordance with the aims of such legislation. Consequently, Article 6(d) is indirectly effective. The Court held in Kolpinghuis Nijmegen that in applying its national legislation a Court of a Member State is required to interpret that legislation in the light of the wording and the purpose of the directive in order to achieve the result referred to in the third paragraph of Article 189 [now Article 249] of the Treaty, and that it makes no differenceif on the material date the period which the Member State had in which to adapt national law had not yet expired. National courts, as the forum in which individuals invoke their Community rights, are therefore under a clear obligation to ensure that national law is interpreted in compliance with the relevant Community provisions. Consequently, in applying the Code to Internet commerce, the AAB is under a duty interpret advertising rules in compliance with the provisions of the E-commerce Directive In relation to the legislature, the Court held in Inter-Environnement that during that period they [a legislative body] must refrain from taking any measures liable seriously to compromise the result prescribed. As part of the legislature, in adopting measures under Article 7 of the Media Act, the Media Authority must respect the judgment in Inter-Environnement. In this case, the AAB is not required to enforce Article 6(d) directly; however, it must consider whether applying the Code in a particular way will be compatible with the directive. Failure to do so will be a breach of Article 10 EC, which requires Member States to assist in facilitating Community goals and to refrain from acts which will obstruct their attainment. As the E-commerce Directive promotes the free movement of information society services, the AAB and the Media Authority must, to the greatest possible extent, assist in the attainment of this goal. Secondly, Article 6(d) requires Member States to observe the origin principle, a well-established principle of Community law in relation to both the free movement of services and goods. Therefore Article 6(d) simply represents a codification of general principles which the AAB is bound to observe in any case. This must also be read in the light of Article 10 EC. Community law supports the AAB applying the advertising rules in compliance with Article 6(d), given that this provision is simply an express statement that the origin principle applies in relation to Internet commerce. From the aforementioned facts and reasoning it is clear that the E-commerce Directive, in particular Article 6(d) thereof, is indirectly effective. The AAB must take Article 6(d) into account in regulating promotional games and advertising on the Internet. MOL maintains the national rules are not compatible with the principles contained in Article 6(d). As stated above, Article 6(d) requires Member States to give effect to the principle of origin as set out in Article 3(1) of the E-commerce Directive. Article 3(2) creates a specific procedure if a state believes regulation in the state of establishment to be inadequate. A specific remedy is provided for in the directive, otherwise a Member State may initiate proceedings under Article 227 EC or inform the Commission of the alleged infringement of Community law for the latter to take action under Article 226 EC. The Court held in Hedley Lomas that a Member State may not act beyond the prescribed procedures where it is of the opinion that another Member State is failing to fulfil its Community obligations. In these circumstances, Inventium is in flagrant breach of the obligation to respect the origin principle, as observed above in relation to both services and goods. Clearly Inventium refuses to accept regulation in Fictivia as equivalent to its own, since it is seeking to make MOL comply with its rules on promotional games in advertising. Moreover, as observed above, Inventium has already demonstrated disregard for Community goals in the field of advertising in relation to the misleading advertising directive. Finally, there is no basis on which Inventium can seek to ban the game and the graph under the directive. It only requires that promotional games be identifiable as such, and that the conditions for participation are clearly presented. MOLs promotional techniques cannot be considered misleading in the sense of directive 84/450/EEC or the case Criminal Proceedings against X. Consequently, these measures are contrary to the aims of the E-commerce Directive. III. RESUME REPONSE A LA QUESTION 1: Un organe auto-rgul peut tre qualifi comme etant une Cour ou un Tribunal daprs le sens de larticle 234 CE quand un tel organe dcide en pratique sur des sujets impliquant lapplication du droit communautaire, et quand cet organe repose sur des mcanismes tatiques dapplication de la loi afin dassurer lexecution de ses decisions. Quand lon recherche si un organe est autoris faire un renvoi auprs de la Cour Europnne de Justice daprs larticle 234 CE, il est ncessaire de prendre en compte la fonction ralise par le dit organe, plutt que simplement sa forme, en rfrence avec les indications fournies dans le cas Dorsch (arrt du 17 septembre 1997, Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH / Bundesbaugesellschaft Berlin mbH, C-54/96, Rec. p. I-4961) si ncessaire. Etant donn que le Conseil dAppel de la Publicit non seulment remplit ces indications, mais que par ailleurs ses dcisions affectant lexercice de droit communautaire par les particuliers, le Conseil dAppel de la Publicit doit tre considr comme une Cour ou Tribunal qui est autoris renvoyer auprs la Cour Europnne de Justice daprs larticle 234 CE. REPONSES AUX QUESTIONS 2 ET 3: Une rgle nationale comme larticle 7 de la loi sur les mdias permettant un organe tatique dinterdire la publicit base sur une recommandation manant dun organe auto-rgul entre dans le champ dapplication des articles 28 et 49 CE. Une telle rgle est contraire aux articles 28 et 49 CE parce que, simultanment, elle limite des opportunities promotionelles dune manire discriminante envers la fourniture de services et le libre mouvement de biens provenant dun autre Etat-Membre. Certaines transactions impliquent plus quune libert fondamentale, et ceci mis en relation avec le commerce lectronique, dfinir la transaction comme quelque chose nimpliquant soit que des biens soit que des services est non seulment impossible mais aussi, en fait, inutile. La division est artificielle, surtout la lumire des principes communs developps daprs les articles 28 et 49 CE. La Court a accept une approche cumulative en relation avec les biens et les services dans le cas de Agostini (arrt du 9 juillet 1997, Konsumentombudsmannen / De Agostini (Svenska) Frlag AB et TV-Shop i Sverige AB, C-34 36/95, Rec. p. I-3843). Si lon considre quune rgle est en dehors du champ dapplication du cas Keck (arrt du 24 novembre 1993, Procdures pnales contre Keck et Mithouard, C-267/91 et C-268/91, Rec. p. I-6097) alors, une approche commune la libert de movement des biens et des services a merge et devrait donc tre adopte. Lactivit de MOL implique diffrents aspects de la libert de mouvements des biens et des services. Ceci est par consquent dans le champ dapplication des articles 28 et 49 CE. Les articles 7 et 11 de la loi sur les mdias sont incompatibles avec les articles 28 et 49 CE, du au fait que les mesures sont discriminatoires envers les fournisseurs de services tablis dans dautres Etats-Membres en les soumettant une double supervision. De plus, MOL doit tre en conformit avec deux differents codes de publicit. Les mesures nationales qui violent les articles 28 et 49 CE ne peuvent se justifier tant donn le caractre discriminatoire de celles ci, elles ne recherchent pas la protection dun but lgitime et elles ne but pas proportionnelles. REPONSE A LA QUESTION 4: Une rgle nationale comme larticle 7 de la loi sur les mdias permettant un organe tatique dinterdire la publicit base sur une recommendation manant dun organe auto-rgul entre dans le champ dapplication de larticle 6(d) de la directive sur le commerce lectronique. Une telle rgle est contraire larticle 6(d) parce que elle sapplique dune manire telle quelle entre en conflit avec les principes gnraux noncs dans cet article et avec les principes gnraux du droit communautaire formant la base lgale de cet article. Les Cours nationales et tribunaux sont sous lobligation dinterprter les lois nationales en fonction dune directive, bien que celle ci nait pas encore atteint la date limite dimplmentation. Ceci sapplique la directive sur le commerce lectronique, qui reprsente une codification de principes gnraux de droit communautaire dans un secteur donn. Tout manquement interprter une rgle nationale est un obstacle la ralisation des buts communs la Communaut, et, par consquent, contraire aux obligations incombant aux Etats-Membres daprs larticle 10 CE. Larticle 6(d) requiert lobservation du principe de lorigine, en appliquant les articles 7 at 11 de la loi sur les mdias dans le cas prsent. Inventium est en flagrante illgalit concernant cette obligation quand Inventium refuse daccepter une rgle de Fictivia comme tant quivalente la sienne. Inventium a aussi nglig le fait que le jeux Guezz! et le graphique sont en accords avec la directive et le droit communautaire concernant la publicit trompeuse. Ceci confortant lide que les rgles nationales sont contraires aux objectifs de larticle 6(d) de la directive sur le commerce lectronique. IV. LIST OF REFERENCES Treaties Treaty Establishing the European Community (consolidated version as amended by the Treaty of Amsterdam), [1997] OJ C 340/173. Secondary legislation Council Directive 84/450/EEC of 10 September 1984 relating to the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning misleading advertising, [1984] OJ L 250/17 Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 October 1989 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by Law, Regulation or Administrative Action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities, [1989] OJ L 298/23. Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations, [1998] OJ L 204/37. Directive 98/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 July 1998 amending Directive 98/34/EC laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations, [1998] OJ L 217/18. Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular information society services, in the Internal Market, [2000] OJ L 178/1. Case law of the European Court of Justice Judgments Case 61/65, Vaassen (ne Gbbels) v. Beamtefonds voor het Mijnbedrijf [1966] ECR 258. Case 7/68, Commission v. Italy [1968] ECR 423. Case 155/73, Criminal Proceedings against Giuseppe Sacchi [1974] ECR 409. Case 8/74, Procureur du Roi v. Benot and Gustave Dassonville [1974] ECR 837. Case 33/74, van Binsbergen v. Bestuur van de Bedr3fsvereniging voor de Metaaln3verheid [1974] ECR 1299. Case 15/78, Socit gnrale alsacienne de banque SA v. Koestler [1978] ECR 1971. Cases 110-111/78, Ministre public and  Chambre syndicale des agents artistiques et impresarii de Belgique ASBL v. van Wesemael [1979] ECR 35. Case 120/78, Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung fr Branntwein [1979] ECR 649. Case 138/80, Borker [1980] ECR 1975. Case 246/80, Broekmeulen v. Huisarts Registratie Commissie [1981] ECR 2311. Case 279/80, Criminal Proceedings against Webb [1981] ECR 3305. Case 286/81, Criminal proceedings against Oosthoek's Uitgeversmaatschappij BV [1982] ECR 4575. Case 207/83, Commission v. United Kingdom [1985] ECR 1201. Case 60 and 61/84, Cinthque SA v Fdration nationale des cinmas franais [1985] ECR 2606. Case 179/84, Bozzetti v. Invernizzi SpA and Ministero del Tesoro [1985] ECR 2301. Case 80/86, Criminal proceedings against Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV [1987] ECR 3969. Cases 266/87, R v. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, ex parte Association of Pharmaceutical Importers [1989] ECR 1295. Case 109/88, Handels- og Kontorfunktionrernes Forbund I Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening (acting on behalf of Danfoss) [1989] ECR 3199. Case C-288/89, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda and others v. Commissariaat voor de Media [1991] ECR I-4007. Case C-76/90, Sger v. Dennemeyer [1991] ECR I-4221. Case C-373/90, Criminal proceedings against X [1992] ECR I-131. Cases C-267 and 286/91, Criminal proceedings against Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6079. Case C-272/91, Commission v. Italy [1994] ECR I-1409. Case C-24/92, Corbiau v. Administration des Contributions [1993] ECR I-1277. Case C-55/93, Criminal proceedings against van Schaik [1994] ECR I-4837. Case C-384/93, Alpine Investements BV v. Minister van Financin [1995] ECR I-1141. Case C-470/93, Verein gegen Unwesen in Handel und Gewerbe Kln eV v. Mars GmbH. [1995] ECR I-1923. Case C-484/93, Svensson & Gustavsson v. Ministre du Logement et de lUrbanisme [1995] ECR I-3955. Case C-5/94, R v. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hedley Lomas [1996] ECR I-2553. Case C-55/94, Gebhard v. Consiglio dellOrdine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano [1995] ECR I-4165. Case C-272/94, Criminal proceedings against Guiot and Climatec SA [1996] ECR I-1905. Cases C-34-36/95, Konsumentombudsmannen v. De Agostini (Svenska) Frlag AB and TV-Shop i Sverige AB [1997] ECR I-3848. Case C-54/96, Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH v. Bundesbaugesellschaft Berlin mbH [1997] ECR I-496. Case C-129/96, Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL v. Rgion wallonne [1997] ECR I-7411. Case C-134/97, Victoria Films A/S [1998] ECR I-7023. Opinion of Advocate General Opinion of Mr Advocate General Jacobs in Case C-180 to 184/98, Pavlov v. Stichting Pensioenfonds Medische Specialisten, issued 23 March 2000. Other documents Electronic Commerce: Opportunities and Challenges for Government (OECD, 1997, Paris) Best written pleading for the 2000 / 2001 edition (respondant) Authors: Elijus Burgis ( HYPERLINK "mailto:elijusb@hotmail.com" elijusb@hotmail.com) and Maria Svahn ( HYPERLINK "mailto:vreta.hill@swipnet.se" vreta.hill@swipnet.se) STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY Editors note: the pleadings have been prepared for the ELMC annual report layout, and as a consequence here occupy more pages than at the previous version, which complied to the rules. Written Observations of the Respondant Moot Court Case 2000-2001, In the Court of Justice of the European Communities Reference to the Court of Justice of the European Communities for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 of the EC Treaty by the Inventium Advertising Appeal Board in the proceedings before the Inventium Advertising Appeal Board between Music OnLine (Applicant) and DirectM (Respondant) TABLE OF CONTENTS  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z I. Summary of THE Facts  PAGEREF _Toc498919785 \h 28 II. ARGUMENTATION  PAGEREF _Toc498919786 \h 30 1. The Advertising Appeal Board is not a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC  PAGEREF _Toc498919787 \h 30 1.1. The AAB is not established by law  PAGEREF _Toc498919788 \h 31 1.2. The AAB does not have compulsory jurisdiction  PAGEREF _Toc498919789 \h 32 1.3. The AAB is not independent  PAGEREF _Toc498919790 \h 33 2. The national rule of Inventium as defined in Article 7 of the Media Act does not fall within the scope of Article 28 EC  PAGEREF _Toc498919791 \h 34 2.1. On-line trade in music and sound recordings is related to the free movement of goods  PAGEREF _Toc498919792 \h 34 2.2. The national rule defined in Article 7 of the Media Act does not fall within the scope of Article 28 EC  PAGEREF _Toc498919793 \h 35 2.3. The restrictions on advertising established in the Advertising Code define selling arrangements  PAGEREF _Toc498919794 \h 36 2.4. The restrictions on advertising are non-discriminatory in their application and effect  PAGEREF _Toc498919795 \h 37 2.5. The recommendation of the AB is not contrary to Article 28 EC  PAGEREF _Toc498919796 \h 38 3. The national rule as defined in Article 7 of the Inventium Media Act does not fall within the scope of Article 49 EC  PAGEREF _Toc498919797 \h 40 3.1. Articles 7 and 11 of the Advertising Code are non-discriminatory  PAGEREF _Toc498919798 \h 41 3.2. The prohibition of the Guezz!-game is justifiable by the overriding requirements of public interest  PAGEREF _Toc498919799 \h 41 3.3. The restriction of MOLs advertising techniques is proportionate  PAGEREF _Toc498919800 \h 42 4. The national rule as defined in Article 7 of the Media Act does not fall within the scope of Article 6(d) of the e-commerce Directive  PAGEREF _Toc498919801 \h 43 III. resume IV. LIST OF REFEREnCES  I. Summary of THE Facts DirectM is established in Inventium and lawfully engaged in online trade. In Inventium, monitoring of advertising is mainly self-regulatory, although the power to prohibit is reserved by the state to the Inventium Media Authority. The Advertising Code Foundation, a private body, has issued the Advertising Code (Code). This provides for the Advertising Board (AB), composed of industry representatives, which may request advertisers to stop advertising contrary to the Code. The ABs recommendations may be appealed to the Advertising Appeal Board (AAB). If the advertiser does not comply with the ABs request, it can ask the Media Authority, a state body, to prohibit advertising. However, the Media Authority has the right to refuse such requests. Music OnLine (MOL) is established in Fictivia, and sells music on the Internet. MOL has a special offer for its members, allowing them to get more music or play the Guezz!-game, if their recommended person becomes a member of MOL. The game requires players to guess the size in megabytes of certain songs. In case of success the player gets the amount of the megabytes of the song multiplied by ten. If the member is wrong, they get no benefit. An inaccurate graph is used to demonstrate the benefits on offer. It claims that customers can gain more than they can in reality. DirectM alerts the AB to MOLs unfair promotions, which requests MOL to cease using them. Since the graph is inaccurate, the AB finds that it is misleading, and that as the Guezz!-game requires no skill, it is a game of chance prohibited by the Code. MOL appeals this request to the AAB, which decides to stay the proceedings and refers the following questions to the European Court of Justice (Court): 1. Can a self-regulatory body such as the AAB qualify as a court or tribunal within the scope of Article 234 EC? 2. Does a national rule that allows a state body to prohibit advertising on recommendation of a self-regulatory body fall within the scope of Article 28 EC and, if so, is the recommendation of the AB contrary to Article 28 EC? 3. Does a national rule that allows a state body to prohibit advertising on recommendation of a self-regulatory body fall within the scope of Article 49 EC and, if so, is the recommendation of the AB contrary to Article 49 EC? 4. Does a national rule that allows a state body to prohibit advertising using promotional games on recommendation of a self-regulatory body fall within the scope of article 6(d) of the e-commerce directive? II. ARGUMENTATION 1. The Advertising Appeal Board is not a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC The AAB is not a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC, since it does not satisfy the criteria set out by Community case law for such qualification, and its reference must therefore be held inadmissible. As the Court has consistently emphasized in its case law, in order to determine whether a body making a reference for a preliminary ruling is a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC, the Court will take into account a number of factors. These are whether the referring body is established by law, whether it is permanent, whether its jurisdiction is compulsory, whether its procedure is inter partes, whether it applies rules of law and whether it is independent. These criteria, first addressed by the Court in Vaassen and finally established in Dorsch, have thereafter been consistently applied by the Court. The criteria have the purpose of ensuring uniform application of Community law throughout the Member States by identifying any and each body which applies Community law, as well as ensuring that the Court does not have to consider references which exceed its jurisdiction. It follows from Dorsch, where the Court found only the inter partes criterion to be non-absolute, that all the other criteria are obligatory. Moreover, even before Dorsch, in Nordsee the Court concluded that fulfilment of only a few of the criteria would not be sufficient to qualify a body as a court or tribunal. Therefore, a body may not be qualified as a court or tribunal within the scope of Article 234 EC where it fails to satisfy any of the five absolute Dorsch criteria. Consequently, as the AAB fails to satisfy three of these criteria, it cannot be held to constitute a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC. 1.1. The AAB is not established by law Consistent case law holds that a body is established by law if it is set up by a national legislative act. The AAB is not a body established by law, but is set up by the industry pursuant to the non-legislative Advertising Code, which has been issued by a private law foundation, the Advertising Code Foundation. The essence of this criterion is best seen in the light of its principal goal, which is to distinguish a bodys relation to the state, i.e. to identify whether the body is an emanation of the state. In this respect the AAB may not be regarded as such, since it is a purely self-regulatory body and not a professional body acting under a degree of governmental supervision, which was required in Broekmeulen. Similarly, in Gabalfrisa the Court required the tasks of the body, and in Danfoss the composition of the body, to be established in a national law. Neither the tasks nor the composition of the AAB are defined in the laws of Inventium. Furthermore, a mere reference to the AB in the Inventium Media Act will not satisfy this criteria. Firstly, the Media Act is silent about the AAB and only mentions the AB. Secondly, even if AB and AAB are considered as branches of the same body, the above reference is formulated so as to simply point out the existence of the AB. It does not, however, necessitate such existence. For the above reasons the AAB is not established by law. 1.2. The AAB does not have compulsory jurisdiction Compulsory jurisdiction in this context may be (i) an obligation of the parties to bring their disputes before the AAB without leaving a choice to settle disputes elsewhere, or (ii) the power of the AAB to pass binding and judicial decisions. As to the first issue, there is no evidence in the facts referred that the parties must in law or in fact bring their dispute to the AAB. It may well be assumed that recommendations of the AB may be brought before a national court. As to the second issue, it is obvious that decisions of the AAB are not binding either directly or indirectly. In Regina Greis the Court held that an Italian Consultative Committee for Currency Offences, whose function was to give reasoned, non-binding opinions to the Italian Treasury, had no power to issue binding decisions and thus it did not qualify as a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC. This decision of the Court was expressly supported by the Advocate General Tesauro in his opinion in Dorsch, who concluded that legislation establishing the Federal Supervisory Board makes no provision concerning the legal effects of its determinations, especially their binding force, and thus that body did not issue binding decisions. National laws of Inventium are equally silent about the binding nature of the decisions of the AAB. On the contrary, the Media Act entitles the AAB to indirectly deliver (through the AB as a branch of the same body) non-binding opinions/recommendations to the Media Authority, exactly as in Regina Greis. Only the latter is empowered to pass binding decisions on the basis of recommendations of the AB. For the above reasons, decisions of the AAB are therefore neither binding directly nor indirectly. 1.3. The AAB is not independent In Kllensperger the Court found it necessary to prove that the independence criterion is satisfied even though conformity to all the other Dorsch criteria was initially established. Thus, the independence criterion is fundamental for a body to qualify as a court or tribunal. The AAB is not independent from the parties to the dispute since this self-regulatory body is composed of representatives of the industry of Inventium and the parties themselves fall within this category. Furthermore, the AAB is not independent from the AB, which has adopted the decision. The Court held in Abrahamsson that the independence of the body examining appeals existed because this independence was specifically guaranteed by the national Constitution. The Court held in Corbiau that in order for a body to be considered independent for the purposes of Article 234 EC, it should constitute an authority acting as a third party in relation to the authority which adopted the decision forming the subject matter of the proceedings. In the case at hand, the AAB is clearly not independent from the AB as the latter is also made up of representatives of the industry and both bodies are part of the Advertising Code Foundation. The AAB does not qualify as a court or tribunal for the purposes of Article 234 EC as it fails to satisfy three of the five absolute criteria set out in Dorsch, and the Court should declare the reference by the AAB inadmissible. However, should the Court consider the reference to be admissible, it is necessary to address the other questions referred. 2. The national rule of Inventium as defined in Article 7 of the Media Act does not fall within the scope of Article 28 EC Restrictions on advertising of sound recordings and music must be reviewed in the light of free movement of goods regime, however, the national rule of Inventium does not fall within the scope of Article 28 EC since it only allows restrictions on advertising, which are compatible with Community law. 2.1. On-line trade in music and sound recordings is related to the free movement of goods Article 50 EC establishes that the free movement of services regime applies only when the free movement of goods regime is not applied. The Court has consistently held that national restrictions of one single activity, which involves both the sale of goods and the provision of services, must be tested solely under Article 28 EC or solely under Article 49 EC. In choosing which Article to apply the Court takes into account the final aim of the activity. Thus, in Lr the Court decided to apply only the free movement of services regime to the restriction imposed by national law on the importation of machines (goods), which were needed thereafter as a means for provision of services. The Court found that the sole purpose of the activity was to provide services, and cross-border movement of goods was only needed for the attainment of that final objective. The same principle applies to the present case. In this case, however, the free movement of goods regime must be applied, since the ultimate purpose and the final result of the on-line trade undertaken by the MOL is the sale of music and sound recordings. The media (Internet), which is used for performance of this activity, does not make it different from other ways of selling goods the provision of services merely forms an ancillary part of the activity of the sales of music and sound recordings. For the above reasons the national rules regulating such activity must be reviewed in the light of Article 28 EC. Since it is irrelevant in the current context that the trade is carried out over the Internet, the Court must adopt the same approach as it did when applying the free movement of goods regime to the trade in sound recordings in Sacchi, and to the trade in music in Musik-Vertrieb and Collins. Furthermore, it follows from the above principle that when restrictions on advertising of goods are imposed, the Court reviews them in the light of Article 28 EC. The Court took this approach in TV-Shop, where it tested such restrictions on television advertising under Article 28 EC. Thus prohibition of advertising techniques of MOL must be reviewed in the light of Article 28 EC only. 2.2. The national rule defined in Article 7 of the Media Act does not fall within the scope of Article 28 EC Article 7 of the Media Act does not directly establish any restrictions on trade. It merely deals with domestic procedural matters. Indirectly, the Media Act permits restrictions on trade to be applied by self-regulatory rules. As set out in Section 1.2 above, these restrictions are not, however, enforceable against traders. In order to have binding effect they must be referred to the Media Authority, which then may issue a binding decision if the law is observed. The latter will always ensure on behalf of the State that the Community rules are observed. Therefore, restrictions imposed by the recommendation of the AB cannot affect the intra-Community trade and, consequently, are not measures within the meaning of Article 28 EC. Thus, the national rule set forth in Article 7 of the Media Act, which allows the self-regulatory rules, but leaves the right of their enforcement exclusively to the State, does not fall within the scope of Article 28 EC. Even if the Court should conclude that the degree of the State control over the self-regulatory restrictions on advertising is insufficient and their authorisation by the Media Act is a mere formality, these restrictions are still not measures within the meaning of Article 28 EC. Articles 7 and 11 of the Advertising Code establish restrictions, which define selling arrangements. Thus, the national rule of Inventium (as defined in Article 7 of the Media Act), which tolerates such restrictions, in accordance with the Courts judgment in Keck, is automatically taken outside the scope of Article 28 EC, unless (i) such restrictions do not apply to all traders operating within the territory of Inventium, and (ii) they do not affect in the same manner, in law and in fact, the marketing of domestic products and of those from other Member States. This conclusion is beyond question as the Courts case law following Keck decision has been entirely consistent and represents the current state of law. 2.3. The restrictions on advertising established in the Advertising Code define selling arrangements In Keck, the Court held that rules not relating to the characteristics of the goods but only concerning the conditions under which the goods were sold should be considered as rules defining certain selling arrangements and should therefore fall outside the scope of Article 28 EC. After Keck, restrictions on advertising were consistently defined by the Court as concerning selling arrangements. For this reason, the Court in Hnermund and Leclerc-Siplec considered a ban on advertising in certain sectors to be outside Article 28 EC. In the more recent judgment of TV-Shop, the Court ruled in the same manner with regard to the outright ban on a certain type of advertising (aimed at children less than 12 years of age). A direct parallel may be drawn between the latter prohibition and the prohibition of certain games of chance (including the Guezz!-game in this case) to conclude that it is concerned with selling arrangements. The same applies to the prohibition of misleading advertising, which must be also taken out of the reach of Article 28 EC as being concerned with selling arrangements. 2.4. The restrictions on advertising are non-discriminatory in their application and effect The provisions of the Advertising Code on restrictions of advertising fulfil both requirements set out by the Court in Keck that allow their exclusion from the scope of Article 28 EC. It is obvious that the provisions apply to all traders operating within the territory of Inventium, since Articles 7 and 11 of the Advertising Code make no distinction between local and foreign traders. Similarly, the provisions also affect in the same manner, in law and in fact, the marketing of domestic products and those from other Member States, since the prohibition of certain types of games of chance and misleading advertising is equally directed by the Advertising Code at domestic goods and goods from the other Member States. Under these circumstances, MOL is in no worse position in law and in fact than any of its counterparts in Inventium and its goods may be marketed under exactly the same conditions as domestic goods. Furthermore, it is a well established case law of the Community that traders willing to undertake trade activities in another Member State must to a certain extent adapt to its national rules regulating trade, provided that these rules do not make distinction as to the origin of goods. The fact that MOL may therefore have to adjust its advertising schemes to the local requirements in Inventium is not sufficient to apply Article 28 EC to the restriction. As the Court ruled in Leclerc-Siplec a mere decrease in the amount of sales is not sufficient with this regard. In conclusion, the restrictions on advertising established by the Advertising Code as applied by the AB in this case, are not measures within the meaning of Article 28 EC because they are not enforceable. Even if they are found to be enforceable through the actual authorisation of the State, they still do not constitute a measure within the scope of Article 28 EC, since they define selling arrangements. The national rule of Inventium (as defined in Article 7 of the Media Act), which tolerates the restrictions by allowing a State body to prohibit advertising on the recommendation of a self-regulatory body, does not therefore fall within the scope of Article 28 EC. 2.5. The recommendation of the AB is not contrary to Article 28 EC Even if the Court should come to the conclusion that the restrictions on advertising applied by the recommendation of the AB do not concern selling arrangements, and that for this reason the national rule defined in Article 7 of the Inventium Media Act falls within the scope of Article 28 EC, these restrictions are nevertheless compatible with Community law. Two provisions of the Advertising Code were applied to restrict the advertising techniques of MOL in Inventium: firstly, the prohibition of misleading advertising (Article 7) and secondly, the prohibition of games of chance with which a product advertised may be won as a prize (Article 11). Misleading advertising is prohibited under the secondary legislation of the Community, namely by the Council Directive 84/450. The Directive entitles and obliges (since its transposition period has expired) every Member State to prohibit misleading advertising in their territory even if such prohibition may possibly obstruct the free movement of goods. Therefore, the prohibition of misleading advertising established by the Advertising Code of Inventium, as applied in the particular case by the AB, must be assumed to be compatible with Community law. Consequently, the recommendation of the AB, issued on the basis of the provision of the Advertising Code setting forth the general rule in line with the Directive, cannot be contrary to Article 28 EC. The prohibition of the Guezz!-game (a game of chance as defined under Article 11) is justifiable by mandatory requirements relating to consumer protection. In accordance with the justification test introduced by the Court in Cassis de Dijon, if a national measure regulating areas where no common Community rules exist is justified by such mandatory requirements, even if they create actual obstacles to the free movement of goods, it then conforms to Article 28 EC. The prohibition of a game of chance in which the product advertised may be won as a prize is clearly aimed at protecting the consumers in Inventium and is therefore not contrary to Article 28 EC. Games of chance such as the Guezz!-game mislead consumers as to the real price of the goods, as a consequence of which consumers do not have sufficient information for choosing the trader which offers the best price. In Oosthoek the Court accepted that the use of sales-promotion techniques when a consumer is offered an additional item misled consumers as to the real price of the goods and ruled that their prohibition by national rules was justified on the grounds of consumer protection. The advertising practices of MOL cause exactly the same adverse effect on consumers as the sales-promotion scheme referred to in Oosthoek. If a consumer receives an additional product without playing a game of chance, the real value of the product advertised decreases by the amount well known to the consumer. However, when a game of chance is involved, the chances of getting an additional item are imprecise and the consumer may therefore not know how this can influence the final price of the product advertised. Thus the consumer does not know the real price of the product. Finally, the prohibition of the Guezz!-game is totally proportionate as it aims at protecting consumers. There is no other manner of dealing with the Guezz!-game other than through its prohibition. Moreover, provisions of the Advertising Code do not force MOL to discontinue using games of chance as a method of sales-promotion in general. Games of chance other than those with which the product advertised may be won as a prize are not prohibited by the Advertising Code, and MOL is not restricted from employing them. In conclusion, the recommendation of the AB prohibiting the Guezz!-game and the misleading advertising is not contrary to Article 28 EC, since it is based on the provisions of the Advertising Code which are compatible with Community law. The prohibition of the Guezz!-game is justified by mandatory requirements of consumer protection, and a prohibition of misleading advertising does not even need such justification where compatible with the Council Directive 84/450. 3. The national rule as defined in Article 7 of the Inventium Media Act does not fall within the scope of Article 49 EC This question does not need to be answered by the Court, since the prohibition of advertising techniques must be reviewed in the light of Article 28 EC, as established in Section 2.1 above. However, even if the Court should conclude that activities of MOL concern the provision of services and, consequently, the national rule of Inventium as defined in Article 7 of the Media Act is subject to review in the light of Article 49 EC, then the prohibition of the advertising techniques is still compatible with Community law. Firstly, the above stated national rule does not fall within the scope of Article 49 EC for the same reasons as set out in Section 2.2, since it does not establish any enforceable restrictions, which may hinder the intra-Community movement of services. The case law of the Court is consistent in that a national rule may fall within the scope of Article 49 EC only if the prohibitions contained therein prevent or otherwise obstruct the activities of a person providing the services. As mentioned above, the non-enforceable self-regulatory rules in Inventium may not have such an effect. Secondly, even if the Court should conclude that the national law of Inventium establishes restrictions capable of having such an effect, these restrictions are still compatible with Article 49 EC. The Court established in Gebhard and subsequent cases that such national restrictions are compatible with Article 49 EC when they are non-discriminatory on the grounds of nationality and place of establishment, they are justified by the overriding reasons relating to the public interest and are proportionate. These requirements are obviously fulfilled by the restrictions on advertising of MOL. 3.1. Articles 7 and 11 of the Advertising Code are non-discriminatory Articles 7 and 11 of the Advertising Code that prohibit misleading advertising and certain games of chance are framed so as to make no distinction between persons on the grounds of their nationality or place of establishment. They therefore apply equally to all service-providers and are non-discriminatory. Furthermore, in accordance with the Courts judgement in Peralta, these provisions cannot be held contrary to the principle of non-discrimination merely because other Member States allegedly apply less strict rules. 3.2. The prohibition of the Guezz!-game is justifiable by the overriding requirements of public interest For the same reasons as set out in Section 2.5 above, only the provisions of the Advertising Code prohibiting certain games of chance, as applied by the AB for prohibition of the Guezz!-game, need justification with this regard, not the prohibition of misleading advertising. The Court has consistently held that Member States are entitled under Community law to adopt national measures which, though having the effect of obstructing the free movement of services, are justifiable by overriding reasons related to the public interest. The Court has also specifically accepted the overriding reason of consumer protection in its case law. In the context of this case, the prohibition of games of chance set forth in Article 11 of the Inventium Advertising Code is also justified by the overriding reason of consumer protection. Therefore, the recommendation of the AB issued on the basis of the above stated provision of the Advertising Code, is not contrary to Article 49 EC. Similarly, as in the aforementioned scheme of consumer protection under the free movement of goods regime, where the on-line trade includes services, consumers have to be protected against being misled about the real price of the services. A consumer cannot know the real price of the services, which include an additional service receivable by playing a game of chance. This follows from the fact that the chances of winning such an additional service are not known and thus the influence on the real price of the service is unclear. Without knowing the real price the consumer is not able to compare the prices offered by different service-providers, and he/she may not choose the service-provider which offers the best price. 3.3. The restriction of MOLs advertising techniques is proportionate According to the case law of the Court, the prohibition of advertising as set forth in Articles 7 and 11 of the Advertising Code and applied by the AB in particular to the advertising techniques of MOL are proportionate. As to the case at hand, it must be reiterated that the restriction is aimed only at a very specific form of advertising. This by itself narrows the scope of the restriction to a minimum. It leaves a wide variety of other means of advertising available to the advertiser. The fact that they may be as successfully applied is evidenced by the large number of consumers MOL obtained using the Guezz!-game in only occasional circumstances. On the other hand, the unavoidable negative effect of the prohibited form of advertising was clearly demonstrated above. Furthermore, even where such activities are not prohibited in Fictivia as the country of establishment of MOL, Inventium is not precluded from having its own rules. The more stringent rules of one Member State as opposed to those of another Member State were not found by the Court in Reisebro, Peralta and Alpine Investments to be automatically disproportionate and hence incompatible with Community law. 4. The national rule as defined in Article 7 of the Media Act does not fall within the scope of Article 6(d) of the e-commerce Directive Question 4 as referred by the AAB is improperly framed since it is general and hypothetical. It is not necessary for rendering of a judgment in the genuine dispute. The provision at issue contained in the Directive 2000/31/EC (e-commerce Directive) has no direct effect in Inventium. Thus, even if the national rule as contained in Article 7 of the Media Act were held contrary to Article 6(d) of the e-commerce Directive, the AAB would still not be obliged to set the national rule aside and thus the ruling of the Court would not influence the decision on the issue. However, the Court should extract two important issues from the question improperly framed by the AAB which pertain to the interpretation of the Community law. Firstly, the Court should answer whether Inventium is allowed to prohibit advertising using promotional games within its jurisdiction, and secondly, whether Inventium may empower a State body, such as the Media Authority, to impose such prohibition on a recommendation of a self-regulatory body. Both of these questions must be answered positively, since the e-commerce Directive has neither direct nor indirect effect in Inventium. Firstly, the Directive has no direct effect, since the time limit prescribed for its transposition has not expired. As the Court ruled in Ratti, it is only at the end of the prescribed period and in the event of a Member States default that provisions of a directive could have direct effect. Therefore, at the present date an individual such as the Respondent may not rely on Article 6(d) of the Directive. Secondly, the Directive has no indirect effect and the AAB is not obliged to interpret the national law in the light of the Directive. In Von Colson the Court ruled that only if provisions of a directive have been transposed into national law a national court must interpret national law in the light of the wording and purpose of the those provisions. No such transposition measures have been taken in Inventium. Furthermore, even if Article 11 of the Advertising Code is seen in the light of the e-commerce Directive the AAB is obliged to interpret that provision in the light of the Directive only in so far as the relevant provision is open to interpretation. Article 11 of the Advertising Code is clearly phrased regarding both its content and effect, and is not therefore open to further interpretation. Thirdly, in accordance with the judgment of the Court in Inter-Environnement Member States are under no duty to act with regard to directives until the time limit for transposition has passed. The Court held that since the purpose of having a transposition period is, in particular, to give Member States the necessary time to adopt transposition measures, they cannot be faulted for not having transposed the directive into their internal legal order before expiry of that period. The Member State should only refrain from taking any measures liable to compromise seriously the result prescribed. The rules of Inventium have been adopted before the e-commerce Directive was issued and furthermore, the rules at issue can never be a measure liable to seriously compromise the result of the e-commerce Directive, since Article 6(d) of the Directive does only require information about games to be provided to the customer. Finally, even if the Court decides that the rules of Inventium have to be interpreted in the light of the e-commerce Directive, these rules are still compatible with Community law. The wording of Article 6(d) is aimed at the Member State of establishment, which is Fictivia in the present case. The latter is therefore under an obligation in cases where it permits promotional games to ensure that their presentation is in conformity with the Directive. However, Article 6(d) does not oblige Inventium to permit those games. Furthermore, Article 6(d) establishes minimum requirements in the Member State of establishment, leaving imposition of more stringent requirements open both to the latter and to the other Member States. Therefore, they do not prohibit Inventium to have stricter rules, which must stand the general proportionality test. In the case at hand the national rules of Inventium are necessary for the protection of consumers and are proportionate as set out above (see Sections 2.5 and 3.3 above). III. resume Le recours de l Advertising Appeal Board (AAB) est inadmissible, du fait que lAAB nest pas une manation de lElat et ne peut donc pas tre considr comme une Cour ou un Tribunal daprs lesens de larticle 234 CE. Ceci dcoule du fait que lAAB ne remplit pas les conditions dune telle qualification tablie par la Cour de Justice Europennedans son arrt Dorsch, et plus spcialement les critres dvelopps, cest dire que la jurisdiction de l AAB nest pas obligatoire,sa cration estdpourvue de fondements lgaux etquenfin il nest pas indpendant. Par consquent la Cour na besoin de rpondre aux autres questions poses par lAAB que dans lventualit ou elle reconnat lAAB comme une Cour ouun tribunal. La rgle nationale dInventium, comme dfinie dans larticle 7 de la loi sur les Mdias, ntablit aucune restriction proprement parl. Les restrictionsconcernant les diffrentesmthodes de promotion de MOLsont imposes de par linitiative duConseil auto-rgul (AB), recommandations de lAB, basessur le Code de la Publicit頓, qui ne sont en aucun cas contraires au droit Communautaire puisque ayant seulement des effets aprs implmentation de celles-ci, par la Media Authority, ayant pleine discrtion cette fin. Nanmoins, si la Cour devait considrer que ces restrictions sur les diffrentes mthodes promotionnelles de lenregistrement de sons et images soient susceptibles de gner les changes intra-communautaires, ces restrictions doivent tre revues en perspective du rgime de libert de mouvement des biens, tabli par larticle 28 CE. Bien que les activits de MOL semblent impliquer certaines provisions concernant les services, celles-ci ne sauraient tre tenues pour autre chose quauxiliaires lactivit principale de vente de biens et par consquent ne changerait pas le rgime applicable. Les rgles nationales rgulant les techniques promotionnelles utilises par MOL constituent des arrangements internes de vente. Le jugement de la Cour dans son arrt Keck permet de dfinir la rgle nationale, article 7 de la li sur les Mdias dans ce cas, comme en dehors de ltendue de larticle 28 CE. Si, toutefois, la Cour concluait diffremment, les restrictions concernant la fois la publicit trompeuse et le Guezz!-game utiliss par MOL ne sont pas contraires larticle 28 CE. La restriction sur la publicit trompeuse est la simple application de droit secondaire europen comme dfini dans la directive du Conseil 84/450/CEE sur la prohibition de la publicit trompeuse. Alors que linterdiction de certains jeux de chance, comme le Guezz!-game, est justifie par les besoins de protection des consommateurs, qui sont en fait abuss quant au prix rel des biens. Par consquent, mme si la rgle nationale entre dans le champ dapplication de larticle 28 EC, par ce quil autorise certaines restrictions capables de gner les mouvements intra-communautaires de biens, ces restrictions, appliques de par les recommandations de lAB, ne sont pas contraires larticle 28 CE. Dans lventualit o la Cour dcide de revoir linterdiction de faire de la publicit la lumire du rgime de la libert de mouvement des services, les restrictions ne sont pas incompatibles avec larticle 49 CE. Ceci dcoule du fait que le droit communautaire permet la prohibition de certaines pratiques promotionnelles, comme mentionnes ci auparavant, et dautre part linterdiction du jeux est justifie par le fait quil existe des raisons prvalantes lies la protection des consommateurs, ces derniers tant tromps quant la valeur relle des services. Larticle 6(d) directive sur le commerce lectronique na pas deffet direct dans lEtat dInventium tant donn que sa transposition nest pas arrive son terme et que par ailleurs elle na pas t transpose. Il nest par consquent pas possible de se baser sur la provision de cette directive. De plus, puisque lchance nest pas arrive son terme et que la directive na pas t transpose, lAAB nest en aucun cas oblig dinterprter le droit national en fonction de la directive. Le droit communautaire permet une complte passivit des Etats concernant les provisions de directives durant la priode avant transposition. Dans lventualit o la Cour dciderait que la provision de la directive prcite aurait des effets dans lEtat dInventium et que MOL puisse sen prvaloir, elle doit prendre en compte que larticle 6 alina d de la directive a pour but la mise en place, par les Etats Membres, de ltablissement de rgles minimales pour la protection des consommateurs. Mme si ces rgles sont observes par Fictivia, Inventium est, quoi quil en soit, toujours autoris adopter des rgles plus contraignantes afin de garantir une meilleure protection des consommateurs; ce qui est autoris par la directive. Dans cette optique les rgles qui sappliquent dans lEtat dInventium ne sont en aucun cas incompatibles avec la directive. IV. LIST OF REFEREnCES Treaties Treaty Establishing the European Community (consolidated version as amended by the Treaty of Amsterdam), [1997] OJ C340/173 Secondary legislation Council Directive 84/450/EEC relating to the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning misleading advertising, [1984] OJ L250/17 Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce), [2000] OJ L178 Case law of the European Court of Justice Judgments Case 61/65, G. Vaassen-Gbbels (a widow) v. Management of the Beambtenfonds voor het Mijnbedrijf [1966] ECR 0261 Case 155/73, Sacchi [1974] ECR 409 Case 33/74, van Binsbergen v. Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid [1974] ECR 1299 Case 39/75, Coenen and others v. Sociaal-Economische Raad [1975] ECR 1547 Case C-120/78, Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung fr Branntwein [1979] ECR 0649 Case 148/78, Pubblico Ministero v. Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629 Cases 55/80 and 57/80, Musik-Vertrieb membran GmbH et K-tel International v. GEMA - Gesellschaft fr musikalische Auffhrungs- und mechanische Vervielfltigungsrechte. [1981] ECR 147 Case 138/80, Borker [1980] ECR 1975 Case 246/80, C. Broekmeulen v. Huisarts Registratie Commissie [1981] ECR 2311 Case 102/81, Nordsee Deutsche Hochseefischerei GmbH v. Reederei Mond Hochseefischerei Nordstern AG & Co. KG and Reederei Friedrich Busse Hochseefischerei Nordstern AG & Co. KG [1982] ECR 1095 Case C-286/81, Criminal proceedings against Oosthoek's Uitgeversmaatschappij BV [1982] ECR 4575 Case 14/83, von Colson and Elisabeth Kamann v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891 Case 220/83, Commission v. France [1986] ECR 3663 Case 252/83, Commission v. Denmark [1986] ECR 3713 Case 205/84, Commission v. Germany [1986] ECR 3755 Case 206/84, Commission v. Ireland [1986] ECR 3817 Case 318/85, Criminal proceedings against Regina Greis Unterweger [1986] ECR 955 Case C-109/88, Handels- og Kontorfunktionrernes Forbund i Danmark v. Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, acting on behalf of Danfoss, [1989] ECR 3199 Case C-106/89, Marleasing SA v. La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA [1990] ECR I-4135 Case C-288/89, Stichtling Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda v. Commissariaat voor de Media [1991] ECR I-4007 Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91, Criminal Proceedings against Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097 Case C-24/92, Pierre Corbiau v. Administration des Contributions [1993] ECR I-1277 Cases C-92/92 and C-326/92, Collins v. Imtrat Handelsgesellschaft mbH and Patricia Im- und Export Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH and Leif Emanuel Kraul v EMI Electrola GmbH [1993] ECR I-5145 Case C-292/92, Hnermund and others v. Landesapothekerkammer Baden-Wrttemberg [1993] ECR I-6787 Case C-379/92, Criminal proceedings against Peralta [1994] ECR I-3453 Joined cases C-401/92 and C-402/92, Criminal proceedings against Tankstation 't Heukske vof and J. B. E. Boermans [1994] ECR I-2199 Joined cases C-69/93 and C-258/93, Punto Casa SpA v. Sindaco del Comune di Capena et Comune di Capena and Promozioni Polivalenti Venete Soc. coop. arl (PPV) v. Sindaco del Comune di Torri di Quartesolo and Comune di Torri di Quartesolo [1994] ECR I-2355 Case C-384/93, Alpine Investments BV v. Minister van Financin 1995 ECR I-1141 Case C-412/93, Socit d'Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v. TF1 Publicit SA and M6 Publicit SA [1995] ECR I-0179 Joined cases C-418/93, C-419/93, C-420/93, C-421/93, C-460/93, C-461/93, C-462/93, C-464/93, C-9/94, C-10/94, C-11/94, C-14/94, C-15/94, C-23/94, C-24/94 and C-332/94, Semeraro Casa Uno Srl v. Sindaco del Comune di Erbusco [1996] ECR I-2975 Case C-55/94, Gebhard v. Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano [1995] I-4165 Case C-3/95, Reisebro Broede v. Sandker [1996] ECR I-6511 Joined cases C-34/95 Konsumentombudsmannen (KO) v. De Agostini (Svenska) Frlag AB C-35/95 and 36/95 TV-Shop i Sverige AB [1997] ECR I-3843 Case C-54/96, Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH v. Bundesbaugesellschaft Berlin mbH, [1997] ECR I-4961 Case C-129/96, Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL v. Rgion wallonne [1997] ECR I-7411 Case C-266/96, Corsica Ferries France SA v. Gruppo Antichi Ormeggiatori del porto di Genova Coop. arl, Gruppo Ormeggiatori del Golfo di La Spezia Coop. arl and Ministero dei Trasporti e della Navigazione [1998] ECR I-3949 Case C-103/97, Kllensperger GmbH & Co. KG and Atzwanger AG v. Gemeindeverband Bezirkskrankenhaus Schwaz [1999] ECR I-0551 Case C-124/97, Markku Juhani Lr, Cotswold Microsystems Ltd and Oy Transatlantic Software Ltd v. Kihlakunnansyyttj (Jyvskyl) and Suomen valtio (Finnish State) [1999] ECR I-6067 Case C-134/97 Victoria Film A/S [1998] ECR I-7023 Joined cases C-110/98 to 147/98, Gabalfrisa SL and Others v. Agencia Estatal de Administracin Tributaria (AEAT) [2000] ECR 0000 Case C-200/98, X AB and Y AB v. Riksskatteverket, [1999] ECR I-8261 Case C-407/98, Katarina Abrahamsson and Leif Anderson v. Elisabet Fogelqvist [2000] ECR 0000 Opinions of Advocate General Opinion of Mr Advocate General Tesauro delivered on 15 May 1997, in Case C-54/96 Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH v. Bundesbaugesellschaft Berlin mbH [1997] ECR I-4961 Books Craig, Paul and De Brca, Grinne, EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials, 2nd edition, [1998], Oxford University Press Weatherill, Stephen and Beaumont, Paul, EU Law: The Essential Guide to the Legal Workings of the European Union, 3rd edition, [1999], Penguin ELMC Mission Statement The European Law Moot Court Society was established in 1988. It is a non-profit organisation. The Societys general purpose is to further the understanding, tolerance and international awareness among people and peoples in Europe, particularly in the European Union. The more specific aim of the Society, towards achieving the purpose described above, is to stimulate studies in European law and to that end, it organises the annual European Law Moot Court Competition. The European Law Moot Court Competition, as the vehicle through which the Society stimulates studies in European law, has been designed to facilitate a maximum amount of student involvement in the study of issues of law affecting the peoples of Europe. The essential elements of the Moot and the guiding principles, upon which the activities of the Society are founded, are: INCLUDEPICTURE \d "../grafik/blueplup.gif" That the Moot should be open to all students of whatever nationality and discipline; INCLUDEPICTURE \d "../grafik/blueplup.gif" That not only should the Moot be open to all students, but that the Society should encourage all students to participate; INCLUDEPICTURE \d "../grafik/blueplup.gif" That the Moot and the Society should facilitate and encourage the meeting of students from different cultures and nationalities; INCLUDEPICTURE \d "../grafik/blueplup.gif" That the Moot should not require any previous, in-depth knowledge of European law, but should encourage the acquisition of that knowledge through participation; INCLUDEPICTURE \d "../grafik/blueplup.gif" That the Moot should maintain a high academic and pedagogic standard; INCLUDEPICTURE \d "../grafik/blueplup.gif"That the issues of law raised by the Moot problem should, so far as possible, be current bearing in mind the state of development of the Union; INCLUDEPICTURE \d "../grafik/blueplup.gif" That through the process of competition, the Society should create an incentive for students to learn, to develop and to excel in themselves; INCLUDEPICTURE \d "../grafik/blueplup.gif" That, above all, the Moot is a means to an end (the stimulation of studies in European law) and not an end itself. ELMC Board and structures for the 2000 / 2001 edition President of the European Law Moot Court Society Antnio Santos Board Members Antnio Santos Dorte K. Frandsen Erik Vollebregt Nicolaj Linneballe Responsible for the Regional Finals Dorte K. Frandsen Responsible for the relations with the Court of Justice of the European Communities Jessica Larsson Responsible for the Organising Team Jacob Borum Responsible for Marketing and Media Relations Nicolaj Linneballe Responsible for Southern Europe Development Krisztina Endreniy Controlling Auditors Adela Klirova Morten Krogsgaard ELMC Members Adela Klirova Anna Gentzschein Antonio Santos Bart-Jan Gorissen Charlotte Nordling Dorte K. Frandsen Eric Vollebregt Gilda Capuano Giuseppe Conte Hillevi Torngren Jacob Borum Jessica Larsson Krisztina Endreny Maria Velasco Michel Debroux Mikaela Lassborn Morten Krogsgaard Nicholas Lockhart Nikolaj Linneballe Peter Ferguson Tamara L. Joseph Yvonne S. H. Schers Organising Team Members Bruno Antunes Catarina Aguiar Dinamene de Freitas Marta Rebelo - President Nadia Ribeiro  Case C-24/92, Corbiau v. Administration des Contributions [1993] ECR I-1277, at para. 15.  Case C-54/96, Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH v. Bundesbaugesellschaft Berlin mbH [1997] ECR I-496, at para. 23.  Case 61/65, Vaassen (ne Gbbels) v. Beamtefonds voor het Mijnbedrijf [1966] ECR 258, at paras. 1-8; Case 246/80, Broekmeulen v. Huisarts Registratie Commissie [1981] ECR 2311, at paras. 14-18; See Dorsch, supra note 2, at para. 23.  See Broekmeulen, supra note 3, at paras. 11, 16-17.  Id. at para. 16.  Case 179/84, Bozzetti v. Invernizzi SpA and Ministero del Tesoro [1985] ECR 2301, at para. 14.  Case 109/88, Handels- og Kontorfunktionrernes Forbund i Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening (acting on behalf of Danfoss) [1989] ECR 3199, at para. 7.  See Broekmeulen, supra note 3, at para. 15.  Article 5 of Directive 84/450/EEC of 10.9.1984, OJEC N L 250 (1984), pp. 17-20.  See Dorsch, supra note 2, at paras. 38, 40 and 44.  Case 138/80, Borker [1980] ECR 1975, at para. 4; Case C-134/97, Victoria Films A/S [1998] ECR I-7023, at paras. 14-16. Case C-180 to 184/98, Pavlov v. Stichting Pensioenfonds Medische Specialisten, issued 23 March 2000, at para. 92.  Council Directive 84/450/EEC of 10.9.1984, OJEC N L 250 (1984), pp. 17-20. See Recital 16 of the Preamble Whereas the voluntary control exercised by self-regulatory bodies to eliminate misleading advertising may avoid recourse to administrative or judicial action and ought therefore to be encouraged .  Case C-272/91, Commission v. Italy [1994] ECR I-1409, at para. 13.  Case C-484/93, Svensson & Gustavsson v. Ministre du Logement et de lUrbanisme [1995] ECR I-3955, at para. 19.  Cases C-34-36/95, Konsumentombudsmannen v. De Agostini (Svenska) Frlag AB and TV-Shop i Sverige AB [1997] ECR I-3848, at paras. 47 and 54.  Id. at paras. 57-61; Case 279/80, Criminal Proceedings against Webb [1981] ECR 3305, at para. 16; Case C-76/90, Sger v. Dennemeyer [1991] ECR I-4221, at paras.12-13; Case 120/78, Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung fr Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon) [1979] ECR 649, at para. 14.  Derogations are specifically provided for in Article 30 EC in relation to the free movement of goods, and Article 46 EC in relation to the free movement of services.  Case 33/74, van Binsbergen v. Bestuur van de Bedr3fsvereniging voor de Metaaln3verheid [1974] ECR 1299, at paras. 12-13; See Cassis de Dijon, supra note 17, at para. 8. Cases C-267 and 286/91, Criminal proceedings against Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6079.  Case C-55/93, Criminal proceedings against van Schaik [1994] ECR I-4837, at para. 14.  See Sger, supra note 17, at para. 12.  Case 15/78, Socit gnrale alsacienne de banque SA v. Koestler [1978] ECR 1971, at para. 4.  Case 8/74, Procureur du Roi v. Dassonville [1974] ECR 837, at para. 5.  Cases 266/87, R v. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, ex parte Association of Pharmaceutical Importers [1989] ECR 1295, at para. 16.  Case C-384/93, Alpine Investements BV v. Minister van Financin [1995] ECR I-1141, at para. 38.  Case 286/81, Criminal proceedings against Oosthoeks Uitgeversmaatschappij BV [1982] ECR 4575, at para. 15.  Directive 2000/31/EC of 8.6.2000, OJEC N L 250 (1984), pp. 17-20  Article 2(a) of Directive 2000/31/EC of 8.6.2000, OJEC N L 250 (1984), pp. 17-20. This refers directly to the definition in Article 1(2) of Directive 98/34/EC of 22.06.1998, OJEC N L 204 (1998), pp. 37-48, as amended by Directive 98/48/EC of 20.7.1998, OJEC N L 217 (1998), pp. 18-26.  Case 155/73, Criminal Proceedings against Giuseppe Sacchi [1974] ECR 409, at paras. 6 and 7.  Article 2(a) of Directive 2000/31/EC, supra note 28.  See Webb, supra note 17, at para. 17.  See van Binsbergen, supra note 19, at para. 25.  See TV-Shop, supra note 16, at para. 58; Case C-288/89, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda and others v. Commissariaat voor de Media [1991] ECR I-4007, at paras. 12-16; this is also included in harmonising measures in the preamble of Directive 552/89/EEC of 3.10.1989, OJEC N L 298 (1989), pp. 23-30, on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by Law, Regulation or Administrative Action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities.  See TV-Shop, supra note 16, at para. 51.  See Oosthoek, supra note 27, at para. 15.  See TV-Shop, supra note 16, at para. 42.  E.g. see Webb, supra note 17, at para. 17.  Cases 110-111/78, Ministre public and Chambre syndicale des agents artistiques et impresarii de Belgique ASBL v. van Wesemael [1979] ECR 35, at paras. 28-30; See van Binsbergen, supra note 19, at paras. 12-14; Case C-55/94, Gebhard v. Consiglio dellOrdine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano [1995] ECR I-4165, at para. 35.  Case C-272/94, Criminal proceedings against Guiot and Climatec SA [1996] ECR I-1905, at para. 10.  emphasis added.  Electronic Commerce: Opportunities and Challenges for Government (OECD, 1997, Paris) at page 27.  Case C-470/93, Verein gegen Unwesen in Handel und Gewerbe Kln eV v. Mars GmbH. [1995] ECR I-1923, at para. 24.  Case C-373/90, Criminal proceedings against X [1992] ECR I-131, at para. 16.  See van Binsbergen, supra note 19, at para. 12.  Case C-288/89, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda and others v Commissariaat voor de Media [1991] I-4007, at para. 29.  See Keck, supra note 20.  Case 7/68, Commission v. Italy [1968] ECR 423, at para. 2.  Case 60 and 61/84, Cinque SA v. Fdration nationale des cinmas francais [1985] ECR 2606, at para. 10.  See Sacchi, supra note 30, at para. 6.  See Keck, supra note 20, at para. 15.  See Keck, supra note 20, at para. 15.  See Oosthoek, supra note 27, at para. 15.  See TV-Shop, supra note 16, at para. 42.  Case 207/83, Commission v. United Kingdom [1985] ECR 1201, at para. 17.  See Oosthoek, supra note 27, at para. 15.  Id. at para. 15.  See Cassis de Dijon, supra note 17, at para. 8.  See pages 8-13 of this pleading.  Case 80/86, Criminal proceedings against Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV [1987] ECR 3969, at para. 14.  Id. at para. 16.  Case C-129/96, Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL v. Rgion wallonne [1997] ECR I-7411, at para. 45.  Article 3(1) and (2), and Recital 22 of the Preamble of Directive 2000/31/EC of 8.6.2000, OJEC N L 250 (1984), pp. 17-20.  Case C-5/94, R v. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hedley Lomas [1996] ECR I-2553, at para. 20.  See Criminal proceedings against X, supra note 44, at para. 15.  See Case C-54/96, Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH v. Bundesbaugesellschaft Berlin mbH [1997] ECR I-4961, at para. 23; Case C-200/98, X AB and Y AB v. Riksskatteverket [1999] ECR I-8261; Case C-407/98, Katarina Abrahamsson and Leif Anderson v. Elisabet Fogelqvist [2000] ECR 0000; Joined cases C-110/98 to 147/98, Gabalfrisa SL and Others v. Agencia Estatal de Administracin Tributaria (AEAT) [2000] ECR 0000.  Case 61/65, G. Vaassen-Gbbels (a widow) v. Management of the Beambtenfonds voor het Mijnbedrijf [1966] ECR 0261.  See Dorsch, supra note 1, at para. 23.  Case Dorsch, supra note 1.  See, e.g., Dorsch, supra note 1, at para. 31; Gabalfrisa, supra note 1, at para. 37.  Case Dorsch, supra note 1.  Case 102/81, Nordsee Deutsche Hochseefischerei GmbH v. Reederei Mond Hochseefischerei Nordstern AG & Co. KG and Reederei Friedrich Busse Hochseefischerei Nordstern AG & Co. KG [1982] ECR 1095.  According to the wording of Dorsch, supra note 1, these would be: (i) establishment by law; (ii) application of rules of law; (iii) inter partes; and (iv) part of the compulsory jurisdiction, i.e. adoption of binding decisions.  Case Dorsch, supra note 1.  The Court has applied these criteria on a case-by-case basis. Failure to satisfy one or several of these requirements disqualifies the body from being regarded as a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 EC.  In addition, the AAB fails to fulfil the inter partes criterion.  See Abrahamsson, supra note 1, at paras. 30-34; Gabalfrisa, supra note 1, at para. 34; Dorsch, supra note 1, at para. 25.  Case C-246/80, C. Broekmeulen v. Huisarts Registratie Commissie [1981] ECR 2311, at para. 16.  See Gabalfrisa, supra note 1, at para. 34.  Case 109/88, Handels- og Kontorfunktionrernes Forbund I Danmark v. Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, acting on behalf of Danfoss [1989] 3199, at para. 8.  It is obvious that the AB does not have to exist due to this reference.  As accepted by the Court in Dorsch, supra note 1, at para. 27.  Case 138/80, Borker [1980] ECR 1975, at para. 4; Case C-137/97, Victoria Film A/S [1998] ECR I-7023, at para. 17.  Case 318/85, Criminal proceedings against Regina Greis Unterweger [1986] ECR 955.  See opinion of the Advocate General Tesauro (at para. 26 and 37) in Dorsch, supra note 1.  Case Regina Greis, supra note 19.  Since the Media Authority does itself satisfy all the Dorsch, supra note 1, criteria, except for the non-absolute inter partes criterion. It is the body, which qualifies as a court or tribunal for the purpose of Article 234 EC and is responsible for the uniform application of Community law in Inventium.  Case C-103/97, Kllensperger GmbH & Co. KG and Atzwanger AG v. Gemeindeverband Bezirkskrankenhaus Schwaz [1999] ECR I-0551, at paras. 18-19.  Case Dorsch, supra note 1.  See Abrahamsson, supra note 1, at para. 32.  Case C-24/92, Corbiau v. Administration des Contributions [1993] ECR I-1277, at para. 15.  Case Dorsch, supra note 1.  See, e.g., Case C-379/92, Criminal proceedings against Peralta [1994] ECR I-3453; Case C-266/96, Corsica Ferries France SA v. Gruppo Antichi Ormeggiatori del porto di Genova Coop. arl, Gruppo Ormeggiatori del Golfo di La Spezia Coop. arl and Ministero dei Trasporti e della Navigazione [1998] ECR I-3949.  Case C-124/97, Markku Juhani Lr, Cotswold Microsystems Ltd and Oy Transatlantic Software Ltd v. Kihlakunnansyyttj (Jyvskyl) and Suomen valtio (Finnish State) [1999] ECR I-6067.  Case 155/73, Sacchi [1974] ECR 409, at para. 3, where the Court held that trade in [] sound recordings [] is subject to rules relating to freedom of movement for goods.  Cases 55/80 and 57/80, Musik-Vertrieb membran GmbH et K-tel International v. GEMA - Gesellschaft fr musikalische Auffhrungs- und mechanische Vervielfltigungsrechte. [1981] ECR 147.  Cases C-92/92 and C-326/92, Collins v. Imtrat Handelsgesellschaft mbH and Patricia Im- und Export Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH and Leif Emanuel Kraul v EMI Electrola GmbH [1993] ECR I-5145.  Joined cases C-34/95, C-35/95 and C-36/95, Konsumentombudsmannen (KO) v. De Agostini (Svenska) Frlag AB (C-34/95) and TV-Shop i Sverige AB (C-35/95 and C-36/95) [1997] ECR I-3843.  Differently from cases where self-regulatory bodies were authorised by the state to, e.g., issue certain permissions for trade (e.g., trade licences) and traders simply could not undertake these activities without having the permission, in this situation traders are recommended to refrain from using the unacceptable advertising practices but are not bound by such recommendations until the Media Authority issues a decision on their basis.  Joined cases C-267/91 and 268/91, Criminal proceedings against Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097, at para. 16.  See Keck, supra note 35. According to the judgment in TV-Shop, supra note 33, it is the obligation of the applicant to prove the opposite to the Court.  See Keck, supra note 35.  Case C-292/92, Hnermund and others v. Landesapothekerkammer Baden-Wrttemberg [1993] ECR I-6787; Case C-412/93, Socit d'Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v. TF1 Publicit SA and M6 Publicit SA [1995] ECR I-0179.  Although contested with argument such as market access requirement, it has neither been modified nor altered by the Court.  Case Keck, supra note 35, at para. 15.  Case Keck, supra note 35.  Case Hnermund, supra note 38.  Case Leclerc-Siplec, supra note 38.  Case TV-Shop, supra note 33, at paras. 42-44.  Case Keck, supra note 35, at para. 16.  See, e.g., Joined cases C-401/92 and C-402/92, Criminal proceedings against Tankstation 't Heukske vof and J. B. E. Boermans [1994] ECR I-2199; Joined cases C-418/93, C-419/93, C-420/93, C-421/93, C-460/93, C-461/93, C-462/93, C-464/93, C-9/94, C-10/94, C-11/94, C-14/94, C-15/94, C-23/94, C-24/94 and C-332/94, Semeraro Casa Uno Srl v. Sindaco del Comune di Erbusco [1996] ECR I-2975; Joined cases C-69/93 and C-258/93, Punto Casa SpA v. Sindaco del Comune di Capena et Comune di Capena and Promozioni Polivalenti Venete Soc. coop. arl (PPV) v. Sindaco del Comune di Torri di Quartesolo and Comune di Torri di Quartesolo [1994] ECR I-2355.  See Leclerc-Siplec, supra note 38, at para. 20.  Council Directive 84/450/EEC of 10 September 1984 relating to the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning misleading advertising, OJ L 250, 19/09/1984, pp. 0017-0020  Only if the prohibition of misleading advertising in Inventium is found to exceed the limits prescribed by the Directive, it needs to be justified by mandatory requirement of consumer protection. Such justification would not fail the test in the case at hand.  Case C-120/78, Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung fr Branntwein [1979] ECR 0649.  Case 286/81, Criminal proceedings against Oosthoek's Uitgeversmaatschappij BV [1982] ECR 4575.  Ibid.  The calculation is as follows: when a consumer receives two for the price of one, the price of each of the two items constitutes 1/2 of the original price of one item, when a consumer receives three for the price of two, the price of each of the three items constitutes 2/3 of the original price of one item, and so on.  See, e.g., Case 33/74, van Binsbergen v. Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid [1974] ECR 1299; Case 39/75, Coenen and others v. Sociaal-Economische Raad [1975] ECR 1547.  See Case C-55/94, Gebhard v. Consiglio dellOrdine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano [1995] ECR I-4165.  See Gebhard, supra note 55, at para. 37; Case C-288/89, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorsiening Gouda v. Commissariaat voor de Media [1991] ECR I-4007.  See Gebhard, supra note 55; Coenen, supra note 54.  See Peralta, supra note 28, at para. 48.  See Gebhard, supra note 55, Gouda, supra note 56; van Binsbergen, supra note 54.  See, e.g., Case 220/83, Commission v. France [1986] ECR 3663; Case 252/83, Commission v. Denmark [1986] ECR 3713; Case 205/84, Commission v. Germany [1986] ECR 3755; Case 206/84, Commission v. Ireland [1986] ECR 3817.  See Gebhard, supra note 55; Case C-3/95, Reisebro Broede v. Sandker [1996] ECR I-6511.  Case Reisebro Broede, supra note 61.  Case Peralta, supra note 28.  Case C-384/93, Alpine Investments BV v. Minister van Financin [1995] ECR I-1141.  Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market, [2000] OJ L178  Case 6/64, Costa v. E.N.E.L. [1964] ECR 585.  Case 148/78, Pubblico Ministero v. Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629.  Case 41/71, Van Duyn v. Home Office [1974] ECR 1337.  Case 14/83, von Colson and Kamann v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891.  Case C-106/89, Marleasing SA v. La Comercial Internacionale de Alimentacion SA [1990] ECR I-4135.  Case C-129/96, Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL v. Rgion wallone [1997] ECR I-7411.  Ibid. at para. 43.  Case C-3/99 Cidrerie Ruwet SA v. Cidre Stassen SA and HP Bulmer Ltd. [2000] ECR 0000, at para 43.  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